C99中新增加了restrict修飾的指針:
由restrict修飾的指針是最初唯一對指針所指向的對象進行存取的方法,
僅當第二個指針基於第一個時,才能對對象進行存取。
對對象的存取都限定於基於由restrict修飾的指針表達式中。
由restrict修飾的指針主要用於函數形參,或指向由malloc()分配的內存空間。
restrict數據類型不改變程序的語義。
編譯器能通過作出restrict修飾的指針是存取對象的唯一方法的假設,更好地優化某些類型的例程。
restrict是c99標准引入的,它只可以用於限定和約束指針,
並表明指針是訪問一個數據對象的唯一且初始的方式.
即它告訴編譯器,所有修改該指針所指向內存中內容的操作都必須通過該指針來修改,
而不能通過其它途徑(其它變量或指針)來修改;這樣做的好處是,
能幫助編譯器進行更好的優化代碼,生成更有效率的匯編代碼.如
int *restrict ptr,
ptr 指向的內存單元只能被 ptr 訪問到,任何同樣指向這個內存單元的其他指針都是未定義的,
直白點就是無效指針。
restrict 的出現是因為 C 語言本身固有的缺陷,
C 程序員應當主動地規避這個缺陷,而編譯器也會很配合地優化你的代碼.
例子 :
代碼如下:
int ar[10];
int * restrict restar=(int *)malloc(10*sizeof(int));
int *par=ar;
for(n=0;n<10;n++)
{
par[n]+=5;
restar[n]+=5;
ar[n]*=2;
par[n]+=3;
restar[n]+=3;
}
因為restar是訪問分配的內存的唯一且初始的方式,那麼編譯器可以將上述對restar的操作進行優化:
restar[n]+=8;
而par並不是訪問數組ar的唯一方式,因此並不能進行下面的優化:
par[n]+=8;
因為在par[n]+=3前,ar[n]*=2進行了改變。
使用了關鍵字restrict,編譯器就可以放心地進行優化了。
關鍵字restrict有兩個讀者。
一個是編譯器,它告訴編譯器可以自由地做一些有關優化的假定。
另一個讀者是用戶,他告訴用戶僅使用滿足restrict要求的參數。
一般,編譯器無法檢查您是否遵循了這一限制,如果您蔑視它也就是在讓自己冒險。
To help the compiler determine memory dependencies,
you can qualify a pointer, reference, or array
with the restrict keyword.
The restrict keyword is a type qualifier that may be
applied to pointers, references, and arrays.
Its use represents a guarantee by the programmer
that within the scope of the pointer declaration
the object pointed to can be accessed only by that pointer.
Any violation of this guarantee renders the program undefined.
This practice helps the compiler optimize certain sections of code
because aliasing information can be more easily determined.
Use of the restrict type qualifier with pointers
代碼如下:
void func1(int * restrict a, int * restrict b)
{
/* func1's code here */
}
In the example that follows, the restrict keyword is
used to tell the compiler that the function func1 is
never called with the pointers a and b pointing
to objects that overlap in memory.
You are promising that accesses through a and b
will never conflict; this means that a write through one pointer
cannot affect a read from any other pointer.
The precise semantics of the restrict keyword are
described in the 1999 version of the ISO C standard.
Use of the restrict type qualifier with arrays
代碼如下:
void func2(int c[restrict], int d[restrict])
{
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 64; i++)
{
c[i] += d[i];
d[i] += 1;
}
}
This example illustrates using the restrict keyword when passing arrays to a function.
Here, the arrays c and d should not overlap, nor should c and d point to the same array.