c#中格式化字符串很簡單,比如我們可以這樣格式化一個字符串:
string str = string.format("test {0}, {1}, {2}, {1}, {0} sample", 1, 2.3, "ok"); Console.WriteLine(str);
將輸出:test 1, 2.3, ok, 2.3, 1 sample
這個格式化方法用起來很簡單,支持基本類型的參數,比如int、double和string等,用起來很方便。遺憾的是c++中目前還沒有類似的格式化方法。boost庫提供了一個format方法,但用起來沒有c#的format方法簡單和靈活。讓我們來看看boost.format如何實現上面的格式化:
string str = boost::format("test %1%, %2%, %3%, %4%, %5% sample")%1%2.3%"ok"%2.3%1; cout<<str<<endl;
boost::format的問題是需要寫很多%,用起來繁瑣又不直觀。c++還缺少一個類似於c#的format方法,要實現一個類似的簡單的format也不難,我將實現一個簡單的format,基本用法和c#一致,為了保持簡單,不支持復雜的功能,只支持基本類型的轉換,轉換的格式控制就不支持了,簡單夠用就好。下面來看看format的具體實現吧:
#include <tuple> #include <type_traits> #include <string> using namespace std; #include "Variant.hpp" namespace detail { using Value = Variant<uint8_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint64_t, int8_t, int16_t, int32_t, int64_t, float, double, string, char*, const char*>; char g_buf[2000] = {}; template<size_t k, typename Tuple, typename F> typename std::enable_if < (k == std::tuple_size<Tuple>::value)>::type GetArgByIndex(size_t, Tuple&, F&, char*&) { throw std::invalid_argument("arg index out of range"); } template<size_t k = 0, typename Tuple, typename F> typename std::enable_if < (k < std::tuple_size<Tuple>::value)>::type GetArgByIndex(size_t index, Tuple& tp, F& f, char*& p) { if (k == index) { f(p, std::get<k>(tp)); } else { GetArgByIndex<k + 1>(index, tp, f, p); } } inline int GetIndex(char*& p) { char temp[3] = {}; int i = 0; while (*p != '}'&&*p != '\0') { if (i >= 2) throw std::invalid_argument("index is out of range."); if (std::isdigit(*p)) { //push digit temp[i++] = *p; char next = *(p + 1); if (std::isdigit(next)) { temp[i++] = next; p += 2; continue; } //validate arg if (!std::isspace(next) && next != '}') { throw std::invalid_argument("invalid argument."); } } p++; } return i == 0 ? -1 : std::atoi(temp); } inline void Fun(char*& buf, Value t) { t.Visit([&buf](int i) { _itoa(i, buf, 10); buf += i<10 ? 1 : 2; }, [&buf](double i) { auto r = sprintf(buf, "%.15f", i); buf += r; }, [&buf](int64_t i) { auto r = sprintf(buf, "%"PRId64, i); buf += r; }, [&buf](uint64_t i) { auto r = sprintf(buf, "%"PRIu64, i); buf += r; }, [&buf](const char* p) { int len = strlen(p); memcpy(buf, p, len); buf += len; }, [&buf](string& s) { memcpy(buf, s.data(), s.size()); buf += s.size(); }); } } template<typename... Args> inline string format(string& str, Args... args) { using namespace detail; char* buf = g_buf; auto tp = std::tuple<Args...>(args...); char* p = (char*) str.c_str(); char* original = p; int len = str.size() + 1; int last = 0; while (*p != '\0') { if (*p == '{') { //copy content befor { last = p - original; memcpy(buf, original, last); buf += last; //format args int index = GetIndex(p); if (index >= 0) { GetArgByIndex<0>(index, tp, Fun, buf); } //skip } original = p + 1; } p++; } string s = g_buf; memset(g_buf, 0, buf - g_buf); return s; }
再來看看測試代碼:
string str = "it is { 0 }, and {01}, {2}, {01}, {1}"; cout<<format(str, 11, 2.1, "tt")<<endl;
將輸出:it is 11, and 2.1, tt, 2.1 1
用法和c#的一致,比boost的format用起來更方便。這個format支持最多100個參數(0-99),格式化的最長的字符串為2K。上面的實現中用到了Variant,關於Variant的實現可以看前面博文:c++11打造好用的Variant。
如果你發現還有更好的format請告訴我,如果沒有請點一下推薦,謝謝。^_^
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