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 程式師世界 >> 編程語言 >> C語言 >> C++ >> 關於C++ >> Vdsp(bf561)中的浮點運算(11):fract16與float的轉換

Vdsp(bf561)中的浮點運算(11):fract16與float的轉換

編輯:關於C++

vdsp提供了兩個函數用以實現fract16與float之間的相互轉換:

fract16 float_to_fr16 (float _x);
float fr16_to_float (fract16 _x);

看看這兩個轉換函數到底做了什麼。

1.1 float_to_fr16

這個函數的原始代碼在Blackfin\lib\src\libc\runtime\fl2fr.asm中,先看看它的注釋:

/***************************************************************************
*
* Function:  FLOAT_TO_FR16 -- Convert a floating-point value to a fract16
*
* Synopsis:
*
*       #include <fract2float_conv.h>
*       fract16 float_to_fr16(float x);
*
* Description:
*
*       The float_to_fr16 function converts a single precision, 32-bit IEEE
*       value into a fract16 number in 1.15 notation. Floating-point values
*       that cannot be converted to fract15 notation are handled as follows:
*
*           Return 0x7fffffff if x >= 1.0 or  NaN or +Inf
*           Return 0x80000000 if x < -1.0 or -NaN or -Inf
*           Return 0          if fabs(x) < 3.0517578125e-5
*
*       (Note that the IEEE single precision, 32-bit, representation
*       contains 24 bits of precision, made up of a hidden bit and 23
*       bits of mantissa, and thus some precision may be lost by converting
*       a float to a fract16).
*
* Algorithm:
*
*       The traditional algorithm to convert a floating-point value to 1.15
*       fractional notation is:
*
*           (fract16) (x * 32768.0)
*
*       However on Blackfin, floating-point multiplication is relatively
*       slow is emulated in software, and this basic algorithm does not
*       handle out of range results.
*
*       This implementation is based on the support routine that converts
*       a float to fract32, and then converts the fract32 into a fract16
*       by performing an arithmetic right shift by 16 bits. (It is possible
*       to avoid the shift by coding the function to "multiply" the input
*       input argument by 2^15 (rather than 2^31) but this approach can lead
*       to the loss of 1-bit precision when handling negative inputs).
*
*       The following is a C implementation of this function and is about
*       a third slower:

#include <fract2float_conv.h>

extern fract16
float_to_fr16(float x)
{

int temp;
fract32 result;

temp = *(int *)(&x);

if ((temp & 0x7f800000) >= 0x3f800000) {
result = 0x7fffffff;
if (temp < 0)
result = 0x80000000;
} else {
temp = temp + 0x0f800000;
result = *(float *)(&temp);
}

return (result >> 16);

}
*
*       WARNING: This algorithm assumes that the floating-point number
*       representation is conformant with IEEE.
*
* Cycle Counts:
*
*       31 cycles when the result is within range
*       30 cycles when the result is out of range
*       28 cycles when the input is 0.0
*
*       These cycle counts were measured using the BF532 cycle accurate
*       simulator and include the overheads involved in calling the function
*       as well as the costs associated with argument passing.
*
* Code Size:
*
*       76 bytes
*
* Registers Used:
*
*       R0 - the input argument
*       R1 - various constants
*       R2 - the exponent of the input argument or a shift amount
*       R3 - the mantissa of the input argument
*
* (c) Copyright 2006 Analog Devices, Inc.  All rights reserved.
*     $Revision: 1.3 $
*
***************************************************************************/

這段注釋和原始代碼比VDSP提供的文檔清晰多了,從這裡可以知道其轉換過程是先將其轉換為fract32類型,在最後將轉換結果右移16位得到fract16類型,且由於float類型有23位的尾數,而fract16則只有16位,因此不可避免地會引起精度丟失。

l 當輸入值>=1、為nan或者為inf時

返回0x7fff,也就是fract16能表示的最大值0.999969482421875。

此時需要29個cycle

l 當輸入值<-1或者為-inf時

返回0x8000,也就是fract16能表示的最小值-1。

此時需要29個cycle。

l 范圍內的值

此時需要30個cycle。

1.2 fr16_to_float

這個轉換由於是從小精度的數轉換為大精度的數,過程比較簡單,也沒有精度丟失的問題,其實現代碼在Blackfin\lib\src\libc\runtime\fr2fl.asm中,看其注釋:

/***************************************************************************
*
* Function:  FR16_TO_FLOAT -- Convert a fract16 to a floating-point value
*
* Synopsis:
*
*       #include <fract2float_conv.h>
*       float fr16_to_float(fract16 x);
*
* Description:
*
*       The fr16_to_float converts a fixed-point, 16-bit fractional number
*       in 1.15 notation into a single precision, 32-bit IEEE floating-point
*       value; no precision is lost during the conversion.
*
* Algorithm:
*
*       The traditional algorithm to convert a 1.15 fractional numbers to
*       floating-point value is:
*
*           (float)(x) / 32768.0
*
*       However on Blackfin, floating-point division is relatively slow,
*       and one can alternatively adapt the algorithm for converting from
*       a short int to a float and then subtracting 15 from the exponent
*       to simulate a division by 32768.0.
*
*       The following is a slower C implementation of this function:

#include <fract2float_conv.h>

extern float
fr16_to_float(fract16 x)
{

float result = fabsf(x);
int *presult = (int *)(&result);

if (result != 0.0) {
*presult = *ptemp - 0x07800000;
if (x < 0)
result = -result;
}

return result;

}
*
*       WARNING: This algorithm assumes that the floating-point number
*       representation is conformant with IEEE.
*
* Cycle Counts:
*
*       22 cycles when the input is 0
*       25 cycles for all other input
*
*       These cycle counts were measured using the BF532 cycle accurate
*       simulator and include the overheads involved in calling the function
*       as well as the costs associated with argument passing.
*
* Code Size:
*
*       38 bytes
*
* Registers Used:
*
*       R0 - the input argument and result
*       R1 - various
*       R2 - various
*
* (c) Copyright 2006 Analog Devices, Inc.  All rights reserved.
*     $Revision: 1.2 $
*
***************************************************************************/

這個轉換過程需要24個cycle。

1.3 fract16常量賦值

vdsp雖然沒有將fract16當成內置類型,但是對於常量,編譯器還是網開一面,使用r16或者r32後綴,編譯器會自動將這個常量正確轉換為fract16類型,如

fract16 r = 0.2r16;

編譯器自動計算r的值為0x1999。

1.4 不幸的事件

由於fract16不是內置類型,編譯器將不會自動完成兩種類型之間的轉換,如果不小心寫上:

float r;
fract16 r1 = 0.2r16;
r = r1;

那麼很不幸,r的值不是期望的0.2,而是6553!

Fract的其它運算也一樣,務必通過函數調用來完成。

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