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C++ 中placement new 操作符使用方法

投稿：lqh

C++ 中placement new 操作符使用方法

placement new操作符能夠在分配內存時指定內存位置。下面的程序使用了placement new操作符和常規new操作符給對象分配內存。

// placenew.cpp -- new, placement new, no delete
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <new>

using namespace std;
const int BUF = 512;

class JustTesting
{
private:
  string words;
  int number;
public:
  JustTesting(const string &s = "Just Testing", int n = 0)
  {
    words = s; number = n; cout << words << " constructed\n";
  }
  ~JustTesting() { cout << words << " destroyed\n"; }
  void Show() const { cout << words << ", " << number << endl; }
};

int main(void)
{
  char *buffer = new char [BUF];  // get a block of memory
  JustTesting *pc1, *pc2;

  pc1 = new (buffer)JustTesting;  // place object in buffer
  pc2 = new JustTesting("heap1", 20);  // place object on heap

  cout << "Memory block address:\n" << "buffer: "
    << (void *)buffer << "  heap: " << pc2 << endl;
  cout << "Memory contents: \n";
  cout << pc1 << ": ";
  pc1->Show();
  cout << pc2 << ": ";
  pc2->Show();

  JustTesting *pc3, *pc4;
  pc3 = new (buffer) JustTesting("bad Idea", 6);
  pc4 = new JustTesting("Heap2", 10);

  cout << "Memory contents: \n";
  cout << pc3 << ": ";
  pc3->Show();
  cout << pc4 << ": ";
  pc4->Show();

  delete pc2;  // free heap1
  delete pc4;  // free heap2
  delete [] buffer;  // free buffer
  cout << "Done\n";

  return 0;
}

執行結果：

[root@localhost 桌面]# ./new 
Just Testing constructed
heap1 constructed
Memory block address:
buffer: 0x936a008  heap: 0x936a248
Memory contents: 
0x936a008: Just Testing, 0
0x936a248: heap1, 20
bad Idea constructed
Heap2 constructed
Memory contents: 
0x936a008: bad Idea, 6
0x936a290: Heap2, 10
heap1 destroyed
Heap2 destroyed
Done

上面的程序使用placement new操作時存在兩個問題。首先，在創建第二個對象時，placement new操作符使用一個新對象來覆蓋用於第一個對象的內存單元。顯然，如果類動態地為其成員分配內存，這將引發問題。

     其次，將delete用於pc2和pc4時，將自動調用為pc2和pc4指向的對象調用析構函數；然而，將delete[]用於buffer時，不會為使用布局new操作符創建的對象調用析構函數。

   為確定兩個單元不重疊，可以這樣做：

pc1 = new (buffer) JustTesting;
pc3 = new (buffer + sizeof(JustTesting)) JustTesting("Better Idea", 6);

 其中指針pc3相對於pc1的偏移量為JustTesting對象的大小

  第二個教訓是，如果使用placement new操作符來為對象分配內存，必須確保其析構函數被調用，但如何確保呢？

  例如，在堆中創建的對象，可以這樣做：

delete pc2;

然而，對於使用placement new操作符創建的對象，不能像下面一樣調用delete

delete pc1; // NO!!!

  原因在於delete可與常規new操作符配合使用，但不能與placement new操作符配合使用。

那麼我們要顯示調用析構函數，必須指定要銷毀的對象：

pc3->~JustTesting();   // destroy object pointed to by pc3

int main(void)
{
  char *buffer = new char[BUF];  // get a block of memory
  JustTesting *pc1, *pc2;

  pc1 = new (buffer) JustTesting;  // place object in buffer
  pc2 = new JustTesting("Heap1", 20);  // place object on heap

  cout << "Memory block addresses: /n" << "buffer: "
    << (void *)buffer << "  heap: " << pc2 << endl;
  cout << "Memory contents: ";
  cout << pc1 << ": ";
  pc1->Show();
  cout << pc2 << ": ";
  pc2->Show();

  JustTesting *pc3, *pc4;
  // fix placement new location
  pc3 = new (buffer + sizeof(JustTesting)) JustTesting("better Idea", 6);
  pc4 = new JustTesting("Heap2", 10);

  cout << "Memory contents: ";
  cout << pc3 << ": ";
  pc3->Show();
  cout << pc4 << ": ";
  pc4->Show();

  delete pc2;    // free heap1
  delete pc4;    // free heap2
  // explicitly destroy placement new object
  pc3->~JustTesting();  // destroy object pointed to by pc3
  pc1->~JustTesting();  // destroy object pointed to by pc1
  delete []buffer;  // free buffer
  cout << "Done/n";

  return 0;
}

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