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C說話中數組許可界說類型的變量,可包容雷同類型的多個數據項,但構造體在C說話編程中,它許可界說分歧品種的數據項可供其他用戶界說的數據類型。
構造是用來代表一個記載,假定要跟蹤藏書樓的書本。能夠要跟蹤有關每本書以部屬性:
界說構造體
界說一個構造體,必需應用構造體的struct語句。該struct語句界說了一個新的數據類型,法式不止一個成員。struct語句的格局是如許的:
struct [structure tag] { member definition; member definition; ... member definition; } [one or more structure variables];
構造體(structure)標簽是可選的,每一個成員的界說是一個正常的變量界說,如 int i; 或 float f; 或任何其他有用的變量的界說。在構造的界說的開頭,最初的分號之前,可以指定一個或多個構造變量,但它是可選的。這裡是聲明書(Book)的構造方法:
struct Books { char title[50]; char author[50]; char subject[100]; int book_id; } book;
拜訪構造體成員
要拜訪構造體的任何成員,我們應用成員拜訪運算符(.)成員拜訪運算符是編碼作為構造體變量名,而且願望拜訪構造體部件。應用struct症結字來界說構造體類型的變量。以下為例子來說明構造的用法:
#include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> struct Books { char title[50]; char author[50]; char subject[100]; int book_id; }; int main( ) { struct Books Book1; /* Declare Book1 of type Book */ struct Books Book2; /* Declare Book2 of type Book */ /* book 1 specification */ strcpy( Book1.title, "C Programming"); strcpy( Book1.author, "Nuha Ali"); strcpy( Book1.subject, "C Programming Tutorial"); Book1.book_id = 6495407; /* book 2 specification */ strcpy( Book2.title, "Telecom Billing"); strcpy( Book2.author, "Zara Ali"); strcpy( Book2.subject, "Telecom Billing Tutorial"); Book2.book_id = 6495700; /* print Book1 info */ printf( "Book 1 title : %s ", Book1.title); printf( "Book 1 author : %s ", Book1.author); printf( "Book 1 subject : %s ", Book1.subject); printf( "Book 1 book_id : %d ", Book1.book_id); /* print Book2 info */ printf( "Book 2 title : %s ", Book2.title); printf( "Book 2 author : %s ", Book2.author); printf( "Book 2 subject : %s ", Book2.subject); printf( "Book 2 book_id : %d ", Book2.book_id); return 0; }
讓我們編譯和運轉下面的法式,這將發生以下成果:
Book 1 title : C Programming Book 1 author : Nuha Ali Book 1 subject : C Programming Tutorial Book 1 book_id : 6495407 Book 2 title : Telecom Billing Book 2 author : Zara Ali Book 2 subject : Telecom Billing Tutorial Book 2 book_id : 6495700
構造體作為函數參數
可以傳遞一個構造作為函數的參數,異常相似傳遞任何其他變量或指針。拜訪可以象在下面的例子曾經拜訪相似構造變量的方法:
#include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> struct Books { char title[50]; char author[50]; char subject[100]; int book_id; }; /* function declaration */ void printBook( struct Books book ); int main( ) { struct Books Book1; /* Declare Book1 of type Book */ struct Books Book2; /* Declare Book2 of type Book */ /* book 1 specification */ strcpy( Book1.title, "C Programming"); strcpy( Book1.author, "Nuha Ali"); strcpy( Book1.subject, "C Programming Tutorial"); Book1.book_id = 6495407; /* book 2 specification */ strcpy( Book2.title, "Telecom Billing"); strcpy( Book2.author, "Zara Ali"); strcpy( Book2.subject, "Telecom Billing Tutorial"); Book2.book_id = 6495700; /* print Book1 info */ printBook( Book1 ); /* Print Book2 info */ printBook( Book2 ); return 0; } void printBook( struct Books book ) { printf( "Book title : %s ", book.title); printf( "Book author : %s ", book.author); printf( "Book subject : %s ", book.subject); printf( "Book book_id : %d ", book.book_id); }
讓我們編譯和運轉下面的法式,這將發生以下成果:
Book title : C Programming Book author : Nuha Ali Book subject : C Programming Tutorial Book book_id : 6495407 Book title : Telecom Billing Book author : Zara Ali Book subject : Telecom Billing Tutorial Book book_id : 6495700
指針構造
異常類似界說指針構造,來界說指向任何其他變量,以下所示:
struct Books *struct_yiibaier;
如今,可以存儲構造變量的地址在下面界說的指針變量。為了找到一個構造變量的地址,將應用運算符&在構造體的名字之前,以下所示:
struct_yiibaier = &Book1;
拜訪應用一個指向構造的構造的成員,必需應用 -> 運算符以下:
struct_yiibaier->title;
讓我們從新寫下面的例子中應用構造指針,願望這將可以或許讓我們更輕易地輿解概念:
#include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> struct Books { char title[50]; char author[50]; char subject[100]; int book_id; }; /* function declaration */ void printBook( struct Books *book ); int main( ) { struct Books Book1; /* Declare Book1 of type Book */ struct Books Book2; /* Declare Book2 of type Book */ /* book 1 specification */ strcpy( Book1.title, "C Programming"); strcpy( Book1.author, "Nuha Ali"); strcpy( Book1.subject, "C Programming Tutorial"); Book1.book_id = 6495407; /* book 2 specification */ strcpy( Book2.title, "Telecom Billing"); strcpy( Book2.author, "Zara Ali"); strcpy( Book2.subject, "Telecom Billing Tutorial"); Book2.book_id = 6495700; /* print Book1 info by passing address of Book1 */ printBook( &Book1 ); /* print Book2 info by passing address of Book2 */ printBook( &Book2 ); return 0; } void printBook( struct Books *book ) { printf( "Book title : %s ", book->title); printf( "Book author : %s ", book->author); printf( "Book subject : %s ", book->subject); printf( "Book book_id : %d ", book->book_id); }
讓我們編譯和運轉下面的法式,這將發生以下成果:
Book title : C Programming Book author : Nuha Ali Book subject : C Programming Tutorial Book book_id : 6495407 Book title : Telecom Billing Book author : Zara Ali Book subject : Telecom Billing Tutorial Book book_id : 6495700
位字段
位字段許可數據在一個構造體包裝。這是特殊有效的,當內存或存儲數據異常名貴。典范的例子:
包裝幾個對象到一個機械說話。例如1位標記可以或許緊縮長度
讀取內部的文件格局 - 非尺度的文件格局可以讀出。例如: 9位整數。
C說話許可我們經由過程構造界說:bit 長度的變量以後。例如:
struct packed_struct { unsigned int f1:1; unsigned int f2:1; unsigned int f3:1; unsigned int f4:1; unsigned int type:4; unsigned int my_int:9; } pack;
在這裡,packed_struct包括6個成員:四個1位標記s f1..f3, 一個 4 位類型和9位my_int。
C說話主動包裝上述位字段盡量緊湊,前提是字段的最年夜長度小於或等於盤算機的整數字長。假如不是這類情形,那末一些編譯器可以許可,而其他將堆疊存儲鄙人一個字段的存儲器。
指針和數組:
這是永久繞不開的話題,起首是援用:
struct stuff *ref = &Huqinwei; ref->age = 100; printf("age is:%d\n",Huqinwei.age);
打印可見變更
指針也是一樣的
struct stuff *ptr; ptr->age = 200; printf("age is:%d\n",Huqinwei.age);
構造體也不克不及免俗,必需稀有組:
struct test{ int a[3]; int b; }; //關於數組和變量同時存在的情形,有以下界說辦法: struct test student[3] = {{{66,77,55},0}, {{44,65,33},0}, {{46,99,77},0}}; //特殊的,可以簡化成: struct test student[3] = {{66,77,55,0}, {44,65,33,0}, {46,99,77,0}};
變長構造體:
可以變長的數組
#include <stdio.h> #include <malloc.h> #include <string.h> typedef struct changeable{ int iCnt; char pc[0]; }schangeable; main(){ printf("size of struct changeable : %d\n",sizeof(schangeable)); schangeable *pchangeable = (schangeable *)malloc(sizeof(schangeable) + 10*sizeof(char)); printf("size of pchangeable : %d\n",sizeof(pchangeable)); schangeable *pchangeable2 = (schangeable *)malloc(sizeof(schangeable) + 20*sizeof(char)); pchangeable2->iCnt = 20; printf("pchangeable2->iCnt : %d\n",pchangeable2->iCnt); strncpy(pchangeable2->pc,"hello world",11); printf("%s\n",pchangeable2->pc); printf("size of pchangeable2 : %d\n",sizeof(pchangeable2)); }
運轉成果
size of struct changeable : 4 size of pchangeable : 4 pchangeable2->iCnt : 20 hello world size of pchangeable2 : 4
構造體自己長度就是一個int長度(這個int值平日只為了表現後邊的數組長度),後邊的數組長度不盤算在內,然則該數組可以直接應用。
(說後邊是個指針吧?指針也占長度!這個是不占的!道理很簡略,這個器械完整是數組後邊的尾巴,malloc開拓的是一片持續空間。其實這不該該算一個機制,感到應當更像一個技能吧)
構造體嵌套:
構造體嵌套其實沒有太不測的器械,只需遵守必定紀律便可:
//關於“一錘子生意”,只對終究的構造體變量感興致,個中A、B也可刪,不外最好帶著 struct A{ struct B{ int c; } b; } a; //應用以下方法拜訪: a.b.c = 10;
特殊的,可以一邊界說構造體B,一邊就應用上:
struct A{ struct B{ int c; }b; struct B sb; }a;
應用辦法與測試:
a.b.c = 11; printf("%d\n",a.b.c); a.sb.c = 22; printf("%d\n",a.sb.c);
成果無誤。