1.out參數的用法。

using System;

class TestOut


...{

static public void FillArray(out int[] myArray)


...{

// 初始化數組(必須):


myArray = new int[5]...{1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

}


static public void Main()


...{

int[] myArray; // 初始化數組(不是必須的!)


// 傳遞數組給(使用out方式的)調用方:

FillArray(out myArray);


// 顯示數組元素

Console.WriteLine("數組元素是:");

for (int i=0; i < myArray.Length; i++)

Console.WriteLine(myArray[i]);

}

}
2.ref參數的基本用法,相當於c裡面的指針。

using System;

class TestRef


...{

public static void FillArray(ref int[] arr)


...{

// 根據需要創建一新的數組(不是必須的)

if (arr == null)

arr = new int[10];

// 否則填充數組,就可以了

arr[0] = 123;

arr[4] = 1024;

}


static public void Main ()


...{

//初始化數組:


int[] myArray = ...{1,2,3,4,5};


// 使用ref傳遞數組:

FillArray(ref myArray);

//顯示更新後的數組元素:

Console.WriteLine("數組元素是:");

for (int i = 0; i < myArray.Length; i++)

Console.WriteLine(myArray[i]);

}

}

3.有ref與無ref的比較。

using System;

public class MyClass


...{

public static void TestRef(ref char i)


...{

// The value of i will be changed in the calling method

i = ''b'';

}

public static void TestNoRef(char i)


...{

// The value of i will be unchanged in the calling method

i = ''c'';

}



// This method passes a variable as a ref parameter; the value of the
// variable is changed after control passes back to this method.

// The same variable is passed as a value parameter; the value of the

// variable is unchanged after control is passed back to this method.

public static void Main()


...{

char i = ''a''; // variable must be initialized

TestRef(ref i); // the arg must be passed as ref

Console.WriteLine(i);

i = ''a'';

TestNoRef(i);

Console.WriteLine(i);

}

}
4.此處應用了類,注意類是引用類型,直接進行引用,除非在函數內生成新的類。

using System;

// ----------------------------------------

// MyClass definition

public class MyClass


...{

public int Value;




// ----------------------------------------

// Tester methods

public static void TestRef(ref MyClass m)


...{

m.Value = 10;

}


public static void TestNoRef(MyClass m)


...{

m.Value = 20;

}


public static void TestCreateRef(ref MyClass m)


...{

m = new MyClass();

m.Value = 100;

}


public static void TestCreateNoRef(MyClass m)


...{

m = new MyClass();

m.Value = 200;

}


public static void Main()
...{

MyClass m = new MyClass();

m.Value = 1;


TestRef(ref m);

Console.WriteLine(m.Value);


TestNoRef(m);

Console.WriteLine(m.Value);


TestCreateRef(ref m);

Console.WriteLine(m.Value);


TestCreateNoRef(m);

Console.WriteLine(m.Value);

}

}
5.ref,out,與無參參數的比較。

using System;

class TestApp


...{

static void outTest(out int x, out int y)


...{//離開這個函數前,必須對x和y賦值,否則會報錯。

//y = x;

//上面這行會報錯,因為使用了out後,x和y都清空了,需要重新賦值,即使調用函數前賦過值也不行

x = 1;

y = 2;

}

static void refTest(ref int x, ref int y)
...{

x = 1;

y = x;

}



static void noRefTest(int x, int y)


...{

x = 8;

y = x;

}




public static void Main()


...{

//out test

int a, b;

//out使用前,變量可以不賦值

outTest(out a, out b);

Console.WriteLine("a={0};b={1}", a, b);

int c = 11, d = 22;

outTest(out c, out d);

Console.WriteLine("c={0};d={1}", c, d);


//ref test

// int m, n;

//refTest(ref m, ref n);

//上面這行會出錯,ref使用前,變量必須賦值


int o = 11, p = 22;

refTest(ref o, ref p);

Console.WriteLine("o={0};p={1}", o, p);


int li = 99, zong = 89;

noRefTest(li, zong);

Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", li, zong);




}

}