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[Python] - How many types of parameter classinfo are there in Pythons built-in function isinstance(), and how many types can be judged?

編輯：Python

一、參考來源

python - List of classinfo Types - Stack Overflow

大家在使用Python的內置函數isinstance()時,There must be doubts——第二個參數classinfo除了常見的int、float、str、tuple、dict、list外,還有哪些？

The code for this article is derived from the link above,Mainly to carry out a Chinese integration and transportation,And a little more popularization.

二、打印classinfo的種類

我們在一個PythonExecute the following code in the environment.

print([t for t in __builtins__.__dict__.values() if isinstance(t, type)])

可以得到.

[<class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>, <class 'bool'>, <class 'memoryview'>, <class 'bytearray'>, <class 'bytes'>, <class 'classmethod'>, <class 'complex'>, <class 'dict'>, <class 'enumerate'>, <class 'filter'>, <class 'float'>, <class 'frozenset'>, <class 'property'>, <class 'int'>, <class 'list'>, <class 'map'>, <class 'object'>, <class 'range'>, <class 'reversed'>, <class 'set'>, <class 'slice'>, <class 'staticmethod'>, <class 'str'>, <class 'super'>, <class 'tuple'>, <class 'type'>, <class 'zip'>, <class 'BaseException'>, <class 'Exception'>, <class 'TypeError'>, <class 'StopAsyncIteration'>, <class 'StopIteration'>, <class 'GeneratorExit'>, <class 'SystemExit'>, <class 'KeyboardInterrupt'>, <class 'ImportError'>, <class 'ModuleNotFoundError'>, <class 'OSError'>, <class 'OSError'>, <class 'OSError'>, <class 'OSError'>, <class 'EOFError'>, <class 'RuntimeError'>, <class 'RecursionError'>, <class 'NotImplementedError'>, <class 'NameError'>, <class 'UnboundLocalError'>, <class 'AttributeError'>, <class 'SyntaxError'>, <class 'IndentationError'>, <class 'TabError'>, <class 'LookupError'>, <class 'IndexError'>, <class 'KeyError'>, <class 'ValueError'>, <class 'UnicodeError'>, <class 'UnicodeEncodeError'>, <class 'UnicodeDecodeError'>, <class 'UnicodeTranslateError'>, <class 'AssertionError'>, <class 'ArithmeticError'>, <class 'FloatingPointError'>, <class 'OverflowError'>, <class 'ZeroDivisionError'>, <class 'SystemError'>, <class 'ReferenceError'>, <class 'MemoryError'>, <class 'BufferError'>, <class 'Warning'>, <class 'UserWarning'>, <class 'DeprecationWarning'>, <class 'PendingDeprecationWarning'>, <class 'SyntaxWarning'>, <class 'RuntimeWarning'>, <class 'FutureWarning'>, <class 'ImportWarning'>, <class 'UnicodeWarning'>, <class 'BytesWarning'>, <class 'ResourceWarning'>, <class 'ConnectionError'>, <class 'BlockingIOError'>, <class 'BrokenPipeError'>, <class 'ChildProcessError'>, <class 'ConnectionAbortedError'>, <class 'ConnectionRefusedError'>, <class 'ConnectionResetError'>, <class 'FileExistsError'>, <class 'FileNotFoundError'>, <class 'IsADirectoryError'>, <class 'NotADirectoryError'>, <class 'InterruptedError'>, <class 'PermissionError'>, <class 'ProcessLookupError'>, <class 'TimeoutError'>]

為了增強可讀性,Let's change the original author's code.

type_list = [t for t in __builtins__.__dict__.values() if isinstance(t, type)]
# print(type_list)
# print(type(type_list))
type_list1 = [print(str(i)) for i in type_list]
print(type_list1)

The execution result after changing the code.

BuiltinImporter
bool
memoryview
bytearray
bytes
classmethod
complex
dict
enumerate
filter
float
frozenset
property
int
list
map
object
range
reversed
set
slice
staticmethod
str
super
tuple
type
zip
BaseException
Exception
TypeError
StopAsyncIteration
StopIteration
GeneratorExit
SystemExit
KeyboardInterrupt
ImportError
ModuleNotFoundError
OSError
OSError
OSError
OSError
EOFError
RuntimeError
RecursionError
NotImplementedError
NameError
UnboundLocalError
AttributeError
SyntaxError
IndentationError
TabError
LookupError
IndexError
KeyError
ValueError
UnicodeError
UnicodeEncodeError
UnicodeDecodeError
UnicodeTranslateError
AssertionError
ArithmeticError
FloatingPointError
OverflowError
ZeroDivisionError
SystemError
ReferenceError
MemoryError
BufferError
Warning
UserWarning
DeprecationWarning
PendingDeprecationWarning
SyntaxWarning
RuntimeWarning
FutureWarning
ImportWarning
UnicodeWarning
BytesWarning
ResourceWarning
ConnectionError
BlockingIOError
BrokenPipeError
ChildProcessError
ConnectionAbortedError
ConnectionRefusedError
ConnectionResetError
FileExistsError
FileNotFoundError
IsADirectoryError
NotADirectoryError
InterruptedError
PermissionError
ProcessLookupError
TimeoutError
[None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None]

三、代碼解析

我們打印【__builtins__】,It can be found that it is a module,屬於Python內置模塊.

接著打印【__builtins__.__dict__】 ,It can be found that all the modules are included in the results（Python內置）函數、（Python內置）類（Class）等信息.

{'__name__': 'builtins',
'__doc__': "Built-in functions, exceptions, and other objects.\n\nNoteworthy: None is the `nil' object; Ellipsis represents `...' in slices.",
'__package__': '',
'__loader__': _frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter,
'__spec__': ModuleSpec(name='builtins', loader=<class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>),
'__build_class__': <function __build_class__>,
'__import__': <bound method ImportHookManager.do_import of <module '_pydev_bundle.pydev_import_hook.import_hook'>>,
'abs': <function abs(x, /)>,
'all': <function all(iterable, /)>,
'any': <function any(iterable, /)>,
'ascii': <function ascii(obj, /)>,
'bin': <function bin(number, /)>,
'breakpoint': <function breakpoint>,
'callable': <function callable(obj, /)>,
'chr': <function chr(i, /)>,
'compile': <function compile(source, filename, mode, flags=0, dont_inherit=False, optimize=-1, *, _feature_version=-1)>,
'delattr': <function delattr(obj, name, /)>,
'dir': <function dir>,
'divmod': <function divmod(x, y, /)>,
'eval': <function eval(source, globals=None, locals=None, /)>,
'exec': <function exec(source, globals=None, locals=None, /)>,
'format': <function format(value, format_spec='', /)>,
'getattr': <function getattr>,
'globals': <function globals()>,
'hasattr': <function hasattr(obj, name, /)>,
'hash': <function hash(obj, /)>,
'hex': <function hex(number, /)>,
'id': <function id(obj, /)>,
'input': <function input(prompt=None, /)>,
'isinstance': <function isinstance(obj, class_or_tuple, /)>,
'issubclass': <function issubclass(cls, class_or_tuple, /)>,
'iter': <function iter>,
'len': <function len(obj, /)>,
'locals': <function locals()>,
'max': <function max>,
'min': <function min>,
'next': <function next>,
'oct': <function oct(number, /)>,
'ord': <function ord(c, /)>,
'pow': <function pow(base, exp, mod=None)>,
'print': <function print>,
'repr': <function repr(obj, /)>,
'round': <function round(number, ndigits=None)>,
'setattr': <function setattr(obj, name, value, /)>,
'sorted': <function sorted(iterable, /, *, key=None, reverse=False)>,
'sum': <function sum(iterable, /, start=0)>,
'vars': <function vars>,
'None': None,
'Ellipsis': Ellipsis,
'NotImplemented': NotImplemented,
'False': False,
'True': True,
'bool': bool,
'memoryview': memoryview,
'bytearray': bytearray,
'bytes': bytes,
'classmethod': classmethod,
'complex': complex,
'dict': dict,
'enumerate': enumerate,
'filter': filter,
'float': float,
'frozenset': frozenset,
'property': property,
'int': int,
'list': list,
'map': map,
'object': object,
'range': range,
'reversed': reversed,
'set': set,
'slice': slice,
'staticmethod': staticmethod,
'str': str,
'super': super,
'tuple': tuple,
'type': type,
'zip': zip,
'__debug__': True,
'BaseException': BaseException,
'Exception': Exception,
'TypeError': TypeError,
'StopAsyncIteration': StopAsyncIteration,
'StopIteration': StopIteration,
'GeneratorExit': GeneratorExit,
'SystemExit': SystemExit,
'KeyboardInterrupt': KeyboardInterrupt,
'ImportError': ImportError,
'ModuleNotFoundError': ModuleNotFoundError,
'OSError': OSError,
'EnvironmentError': OSError,
'IOError': OSError,
'WindowsError': OSError,
'EOFError': EOFError,
'RuntimeError': RuntimeError,
'RecursionError': RecursionError,
'NotImplementedError': NotImplementedError,
'NameError': NameError,
'UnboundLocalError': UnboundLocalError,
'AttributeError': AttributeError,
'SyntaxError': SyntaxError,
'IndentationError': IndentationError,
'TabError': TabError,
'LookupError': LookupError,
'IndexError': IndexError,
'KeyError': KeyError,
'ValueError': ValueError,
'UnicodeError': UnicodeError,
'UnicodeEncodeError': UnicodeEncodeError,
'UnicodeDecodeError': UnicodeDecodeError,
'UnicodeTranslateError': UnicodeTranslateError,
'AssertionError': AssertionError,
'ArithmeticError': ArithmeticError,
'FloatingPointError': FloatingPointError,
'OverflowError': OverflowError,
'ZeroDivisionError': ZeroDivisionError,
'SystemError': SystemError,
'ReferenceError': ReferenceError,
'MemoryError': MemoryError,
'BufferError': BufferError,
'Warning': Warning,
'UserWarning': UserWarning,
'DeprecationWarning': DeprecationWarning,
'PendingDeprecationWarning': PendingDeprecationWarning,
'SyntaxWarning': SyntaxWarning,
'RuntimeWarning': RuntimeWarning,
'FutureWarning': FutureWarning,
'ImportWarning': ImportWarning,
'UnicodeWarning': UnicodeWarning,
'BytesWarning': BytesWarning,
'ResourceWarning': ResourceWarning,
'ConnectionError': ConnectionError,
'BlockingIOError': BlockingIOError,
'BrokenPipeError': BrokenPipeError,
'ChildProcessError': ChildProcessError,
'ConnectionAbortedError': ConnectionAbortedError,
'ConnectionRefusedError': ConnectionRefusedError,
'ConnectionResetError': ConnectionResetError,
'FileExistsError': FileExistsError,
'FileNotFoundError': FileNotFoundError,
'IsADirectoryError': IsADirectoryError,
'NotADirectoryError': NotADirectoryError,
'InterruptedError': InterruptedError,
'PermissionError': PermissionError,
'ProcessLookupError': ProcessLookupError,
'TimeoutError': TimeoutError,
'open': <function io.open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)>,
'copyright': Copyright (c) 2001-2020 Python Software Foundation.
All Rights Reserved.
Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.
All Rights Reserved.
Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
All Rights Reserved.
Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam.
All Rights Reserved.,
'credits': Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands
for supporting Python development. See www.python.org for more information.,
'license': See https://www.python.org/psf/license/,
'help': Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object.,
'execfile': <function _pydev_imps._pydev_execfile.execfile(file, glob=None, loc=None)>,
'runfile': <function _pydev_bundle.pydev_umd.runfile(filename, args=None, wdir=None, is_module=False, global_vars=None)>,
'__IPYTHON__': True,
'display': <function IPython.core.display_functions.display(*objs, include=None, exclude=None, metadata=None, transient=None, display_id=None, raw=False, clear=False, **kwargs)>,
'get_ipython': <bound method InteractiveShell.get_ipython of <_pydev_bundle.pydev_ipython_console_011.PyDevTerminalInteractiveShell object at 0x000001B4231FB6D0>>}

接著,to filter outclass的類別type,我們可以用isinstance(t, type)判斷t究竟是否為Python內置的class中的一種.

注意：上面的classinfo=type,暗示了typeIt is actually a type,Included in this classclassinfoAll that can be used,當然也包括它自己.

另外,If the class is output directlyclass,will result inclass前綴;比如print(int),得到的結果是<class 'int'>;to remove this prefix,我們可以用類class的__name__屬性;比如print(int.__name__),輸出int.

So the code can also be changed to the following form;The final output is the same as above.

type_list = [t for t in __builtins__.__dict__.values() if isinstance(t, type)]
# print(type_list)
# print(type(type_list))
type_list1 = [print(i.__name__) for i in type_list]
print(type_list1)

Some readers may be just getting startedpython,其實上面的x for x in Xis a derivation.