應用場景:數據處理、Backend writing of web applications、自動化腳本
基礎學習:1.python能做什麼;2.Variable Algorithm Interpreter、基本數據類型、List tuple string dictionary operation method;3.條件,循環和相關執行語句(if else elif while for continue bresk 列表推導式 異常處理);4.面向對象OOP,程序結構
、Code Reuse Avoid Code Redundancy Package Code
Alt+Enter Quick fix for current code,沒有import進模塊,自動導入模塊
ctrl+X 刪除整行代碼
Ctrl+Alt+L PEP8The code standard formats the current code
# print可以輸出數字、字符串、數字表達式;(輸出在控制台上)
print(3.14)
print(56)
print('人生苦短,我用python')
print(3+4)
# printThe file output to a file;
# Run a few times and output a few times
fe = open('E:/(network)/pythonInformation and Exercises/test.txt','a+') # a+Indicates that the file will be created if it does not exist,存在就在文件內容後面追加
print('hello world!',file = fe)
fe.close()
# print輸出內容在一行當中,用逗號,output separated by spaces
print('hello','world','python')
輸出結果:3.14
56
人生苦短,我用python
7
hello world python
注意:printIf there is a judgment in the parentheses of the function, the return value is a boolean value.!
# 轉義字符:\ First letter with escape function
print('hello\nworld') # 換行--newline
print('hello\tworld') # tab,一個tab鍵四個空格
print('helloooo\tworld')
print('hello\rworld') # 回車,world將hello覆蓋
print('hello\bworld') # 退一格
print('http:\\\\www.baidu.com')
print('她說:’我要學習python‘') #python3支持中文,python2的話這樣寫:print('她說:’我要學習python‘')
# 元字符,不希望字符串中的轉義字符起作用,就使用元字符,在字符串之前加上r,或R
print(r'hello\nworld')
print(r'hello\nworld') # Be careful not to add a backslash at the end\:print(r'hello\nworld\')
輸出結果:
hello
world
hello world
helloooo world
world
hellworld
http:\www.baidu.com
她說:’我要學習python‘
hello\nworld
hello\nworld
# 字符編碼:GBK unicode--utf-8
print(chr(0b100111001011000))
print(ord('乘'))
# 標識符和保留字
import keyword
print(keyword.kwlist) #reserved words
# 標識符規則:不能以數字、保留字開頭,區分大小寫;變量、函數、類、Modules and other objects are given names as identifiers
輸出結果:
乘
20056
['False', 'None', 'True', 'peg_parser', 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'async', 'await', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except', 'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'nonlocal', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'raise', 'return', 'try', 'while', 'with', 'yield']
# 變量:內存中一個帶標簽的盒子;name(變量名)=(賦值運算符)Ma Lirong(值)
# 變量由三部分組成:ID,type,value;
name = "Ma Lirong"
print(name)
print('標識:',id(name))
print('類型:',type(name))
print('值:',name)
輸出結果:
Ma Lirong
標識: 2080713636240
類型: <class 'str'>
值: Ma Lirong
When a variable is assigned multiple times,變量名會指向新的空間;
name = '馬麗亞'
name = 'out skating'
print(name)
輸出結果:out skating
name = '馬麗亞'
print(name)
name = 'out skating'
print(name)
輸出結果:
馬麗亞
out skating
# 可以表示為正數、負數、零;
n1 = 90
n2 = -76
n3 = 0
print(n1,type(n1))
print(n2,type(n2))
print(n3,type(n3))
輸出結果:
90 <class 'int'>
-76 <class 'int'>
0 <class 'int'>
# 可以表示為二進制、八進制、十六進制,默認為十進制
print('十進制',118) # 范圍0-9
print('八進制',0o176) # 范圍0-7 以0o開頭
print('十六進制',0x0AF6) # 范圍0-9 A-F 以0x開頭
print('二進制',0b11111111) # 范圍0-1,以0b開頭
輸出結果:
十進制 118
八進制 126
十六進制 2806
二進制 255
a = 3.14159
print(a,type(a))
# 使用浮點數進行計算,There may be cases where the number of digits is uncertain
n = 1.1
n1 = 2.2
n2 = 3.3
print(n+n1)
from decimal import Decimal
print(Decimal('1.1')+Decimal('2.2'))
輸出結果:
3.14159 <class 'float'>
3.3000000000000003
3.3
# 表示真或假的值
f1 = True
f2 = False
print(f1,type(f1))
print(f2,type(f2))
print(f1+1) # 1+1=2,f1為真表示1
print(f2+1) # 0+1=1,f2為假表示0
輸出結果:
True <class 'bool'>
False <class 'bool'>
2
1
# Referred to as an immutable sequence of characters
str = '人生苦短,我用python' #Both single and double quotes can represent a line of strings
str1 = "人生苦短,我用python"
str2 = '''
人生苦短,我用python1
人生苦短,我用python2
人生苦短,我用python3
''' # 三引號定義的字符串可以分布在連續的多行
print(str,type(str))
print(str1,type(str1))
print(str2,type(str2))
輸出結果:
人生苦短,我用python <class 'str'>
人生苦短,我用python <class 'str'>
人生苦短,我用python1
人生苦短,我用python2
人生苦短,我用python3
<class 'str'>
# 數據類型轉化,Concatenate data of different data types together;
name = '張三'
age = 20
print(type(name),type(age)) # 數據類型不同
# print('我叫'+name+'今年,'+age+'歲') # 報錯,類型轉化
print('我叫'+name+',今年'+str(age)+'歲') # The plus sign is the connector
輸出結果:
<class 'str'> <class 'int'>
我叫張三,今年20歲
print('--------------str()functions convert other types tostr類型----------')
a = 10
b = 198.9
c = False
print(type(a),type(b),type(c))
print(type(str(a)),type(str(b)),type(str(c)))
輸出結果:
--------------str()functions convert other types tostr類型----------
<class 'int'> <class 'float'> <class 'bool'>
<class 'str'> <class 'str'> <class 'str'>
print('-----------int()Other types can be converted to functionint類型--------')
# Literal and decimal strings cannot be converted toint;浮點數轉化為int,末尾為0
s1 = '128'
f1 = 1.595
s2 = '77.889'
ff = True
s3 = 'hello'
print(type(s1),type(f1),type(s2),type(ff),type(s3))
print(int(s1),type(int(s1))) # 將字符串轉化為整形,string as integer
print(int(f1),type(int(f1))) # 將float轉成int類型,截取整數
# print(int(s2),type(int(s2))) # 報錯,The string is a decimal string
print(int(ff),type(int(ff)))
# print(int(s3),type(int(s3))) # letters in the string,不能轉為int
輸出結果:
-----------int()Other types can be converted to functionint類型--------
<class 'str'> <class 'float'> <class 'str'> <class 'bool'> <class 'str'>
128 <class 'int'>
1 <class 'int'>
1 <class 'int'>
print('-----------float()Other types can be converted to functionfloat型------------')
#Literal class cannot be converted to float;整數轉成浮點數,末尾為.0
ss1 = 128
ff1 = 1.595
ss2 = '77.889'
fff = False
ss3 = 'hello'
print(type(ss1),type(ff1),type(ss2),type(fff),type(ss3))
print(float(ss1),type(float(ss1)))
print(float(ff1),type(float(ff1)))
print(float(ss2),type(float(ss2)))
print(float(fff),type(float(fff)))
# print(float(ss3),type(float(ss3)))
輸出結果:
-----------float()Other types can be converted to functionfloat型------------
<class 'int'> <class 'float'> <class 'str'> <class 'bool'> <class 'str'>
128.0 <class 'float'>
1.595 <class 'float'>
77.889 <class 'float'>
0.0 <class 'float'>
python中的注釋:中文編碼注釋-->在文件開頭加上中文聲明注釋,用以指定源碼文件的編碼格式!
#coding:utf-8 或者 gbk
介紹:接收來自用戶的輸入;返回類型為str;對輸入的值進行存儲;
present = input('The sage wants a gift from the gods:')
print(present,type(present))
輸出結果:
The sage wants a gift from the gods:金箍棒
金箍棒 <class 'str'>
# 練習:輸入兩個整數,並對其求和;
nu1 = int(input('enter first2個數:'))
nu2 = int(input('輸入第二個數:'))
sum = nu1+nu2
print(sum)
輸出結果:
enter first個數:2
輸入第二個數:2
4
加(+)、減(-)、乘(*)、除(/)、整除(//)
取余運算符:%
冪運算符:**
print(1+1) # 加法運算
print(2-1) # 減法運算
print(2*4) # 乘法運算
print(11/2) # 除法運算
print(6%4) # 取余運算:6除4取余數
print(9//8) # 整除運算:9除8取整商
print(2**3) #冪運算:2的3次方
輸出結果:
2
1
8
5.5
2
1
8
算數運算符:
print(12%8) #4
print(12%-8) # 12-(-8)*(-2)=-4
print(-12%8) # -12-8*(-2)=4
print(-12%-8) # -4
# 輸出結果為
4
-4
4
-4
Execution order is from right-->左;
支持鏈式賦值;a=b=c=20
支持參數賦值;+=、-=、*=、//=、%=
a = 10
a += 12 # a=a+12,a=10
print(a)
# 輸出結果為:22
支持系列解包賦值;a,b,c,=20,30,40
# 交換兩個變量的值
a,b=10,20
print('交換之前:a,b',(a,b))
a,b=b,a
print('交換之後:a,b',(a,b))
輸出結果:
交換之前:a,b (10, 20)
交換之後:a,b (20, 10)
對變量或表達式的結果進行大小、真假等比較;
# 運算符:>,<,>=,<=,!=
# == 對象vlaue的比較,
# is,is not 對象的id比較
”==“比較的是值,而“=”是賦值;比較對象的標識使用的是“is”或“is not”
a=10
b=10
print(a==b) # 返回為True,說明a與b的vlaue相等
print(a is b) # 返回為True,說明a與b的標識相等
print(a,id(a))
輸出結果:
True
True
10 2242092362320
lis1 = [11,22,33,44]
lis2 = [11,22,33,44]
print(lis1==lis2)
print(lis1 is lis2) # id不同
print(lis1,id(lis1))
print(lis2,id(lis2))
print(lis1 is not lis2)
# 輸出結果:
True
False
[11, 22, 33, 44] 2212795138368
[11, 22, 33, 44] 2212795125696
True
比較運算符的結果為布爾類型
a,b = 10,20
print('a>b?',a>b)
輸出結果:
a>b? False
對於布爾值之間的運算;
都有and、or、not in、in;
and:一假則假
a,b = 1,2
print(a==1 and b==2) # True and True 為True
print(a==1 and b<1) # True and Flase 為Flase
print(a!=1 and b==2) # Flase and True 為Flase
print(a!=1 and b<1) # Flase and Flase 為Flase
or:一真則真
print(a==1 or b==2) # True and True 為True
print(a==1 or b<1) # True and Flase 為True
print(a!=1 or b==2) # Flase and True 為FTrue
print(a!=1 or b<1) # Flase and Flase 為Flase
in與not in
f = True
ff = False
print(not f) #Negate Boolean Operands-----Flase
s = 'helloworld'
print('w' in s) # True
print('k' not in s) # True
將數據轉成二進制計算;
1.位與&:對應位數都是1,結果位數才是1,否則為零
print(4&8) # 按位與&,同為1時結果為1(Convert two decimals to binary bitwise calculation)
輸出結果:0
0000 0100
0000 1000
2.位或|:對應位數都是0,結果位數才是0,否則為1
print(4|8) #按位或|,同為0時結果為0
輸出結果:12
0000 0100
0000 1000
0000 1100
3.左移位<<:高位溢出,低位補零(乘以2)
print(4<<1) # 向左移動1位(4乘以2)
輸出結果:8
4.右移位>>:高位補零,低位丟棄(Shift one bit and divide by2---2的冪)
print(4>>2) # 向右移動2位(4除以2**2)
輸出結果為:1
補:二進制原碼+1=補碼
算數運算符>位運算>比較運算符>布爾運算>賦值運算;
If there are parentheses, the parentheses will be calculated first. ;
程序從上到下順序地執行代碼,中間沒有任何的判斷和跳轉,直到程序結束;
對象的布爾值:在python中一切皆對象,所有對象都有一個布爾值,獲取對象的布爾值,使用內置函數bool();
print(bool(False))
print(bool(0))
print(bool(0.0))
print(bool(''))
print(bool(None))
print(bool(""))
print(bool([]))
print(bool(list()))
print(bool(()))
print(bool(tuple()))
print(bool({}))
print(bool(dict()))
print(bool(set()))
print('--The above object boolean value isFalse,其余都為True--')
print(bool(18))
print(bool("hello world"))
False、數值0、None、空字符串、空列表、空元組、空字典、The boolean value of an empty collection isFalse;
The program is based on the judgment condition布爾值selectively execute parts of code,Explicitly let the computer know that under the conditions of gods and demons,該去做什麼;
單分支結構:如果...就
money = 1000
je = int(input('取款金額:'))
if je<=money: # if 條件表達式:(The conditional expression is a boolean value)
money = money-je
print('取款成功,余額為:',money)
# 輸出結果:
取款金額:920
取款成功,余額為: 80
雙分支結構:如果不滿足...就
語法結構:
if 條件表達式:
條件執行體1
else:
條件執行體2
zs = int(input('輸出一個整數:'))
if zs%2==0:
print('此數為偶數!')
else:
print('此數為奇數!')
# Enter a number on the keyboard,Determine whether it is odd or even;
輸出結果:
輸出一個整數:100
此數為偶數!
多分支結構:...是...? 是或不是
if 條件表達式1:
條件執行體1
elif 條件表達式2:
條件執行體2
elif 條件表達式N:
條件執行體N
[else:] # 可寫可不寫
條件執行體N+1
# type one from the keyboard“整數”成績,judge its scope
# 90-100:A 80-90:B 70-80:C 60-70:及格 60以下不及格
score = int(input('Please enter an integer grade:'))
if score>=90 and score<=100:# 可以寫成90<=score<=100
print('A')
elif score>=80 and score<90:
print('B')
elif score>=70 and score<80:
print('良好')
elif score>=60 and score<70:
print('合格')
elif score<60 and score>=0:
print('不及格')
else:
print('對不起,Grade entered is not in range!')
輸出結果:
Please enter an integer grade:88
B
嵌套if
語法結構:
if 條件表達式1:
if 內層條件表達式:
內層條件執行體1
else:
內層條件執行體2
else:
條件執行體
'''
會員 >=200 8折
>=100 9折
不打折
非會員 >=200 9.5折
不打折
'''
huiyuan = input('是否為會員y/n:')
money = float(input('請輸入錢:'))
if huiyuan=='y': # judged as a member
if money>=200:
print('Member's final amount is:',money*0.8)
elif money>=100:
print('Member's final amount is:',money*0.9)
else:
print('Member's final amount is:',money)
else: # Judgment will not be a member
if money>=200: # Pay attention to spaces before and after the greater than or equal sign,Spaces also matter;
print('The final non-member amount is:',money*0.95)
else:
print('The final non-member amount is:',money)
# 輸出結果:
是否為會員y/n:n
請輸入錢:1000
The final non-member amount is: 950.0
從鍵盤中輸入兩個數,比較兩個數的大小(two expressions):
num = float(input('enter first個數:'))
numm = float(input('輸入第二個數:'))
if num>=numm:
print(num,'大於等於',numm)
else:
print(num,'小余等於',numm)
或 條件表達式
num = float(input('enter first個數:'))
numm = float(input('輸入第二個數:'))
print((str(num)+'大於等於'+str(numm)) if num>=numm else (str(num)+'小余等於'+str(numm)))
# 如果if後的條件為Trueexecute the previous statement,為Flase就執行後面的語句;
條件表達式:是if....else的簡寫
語法結構:x if 判斷條件 else y
運算規則:如果判斷條件的布爾值為True,條件表達式的返回值為x,否則條件表達式的返回值為Flase;
pass語句
是:語句什麼都不做,只是一個占位符,用在語法上需要語句的地方;
什麼時候用:先搭建語法結構,還沒想好代碼怎麼寫的時候
with which statements to use:if 語句的條件執行體、for-in語句循環體、定義函數的函數體
內置函數range()函數(內置函數:Do not add any prefix before,可以直接使用的函數):用於生成一個整數序列;將rangeFunctions as objects to loop through!
創建range對象的三種方式:
range(stop) 創建一個(0,stop)之間的整數序列,步長為1;
range(start,stop) 創建一個(start,stop)之間的整數序列,步長為1;
range(start,stop,step)
range類型的優點:不管rangeHow long is the sequence represented by the object,所有range對象占用的內存空間是相同的,因為僅僅需要存儲start和step,只有當用到range對象時,才會計算序列中的相關元素;
'''第一種創建方式:只有一個參數(Only give a number in parentheses)'''
rr = range(10) # 默認從0開始,默認步長為1,不包括10
print(rr) # range(0,10) 返回值是一個迭代對象
print(list(rr)) # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] 查看rangeQueue of integers in object
'''第二種創建方式:給了兩個參數(two numbers in parentheses)'''
rr1 = range(1,10) # 指定了起始值,從1開始,到10end does not include10,默認步長為1
print(rr1) # range(1, 10)
print(list(rr1)) # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
'''第三種創建方式:give three parameters'''
rr2 = range(2,11,2)
print(rr2)
print(list(rr2))
'''判斷指定的整數,在序列中是否存在 in 或 not in'''
print(2 in list(rr2))
print(10 not in rr2)
range()function produces a sequence of integers,是一個可迭代對象;
in 與 not in 判斷整數序列中是否存在(不存在)specified index;
循環結構:
**while **
語法結構:
while 條件表達式:
條件執行體(循環體)
選擇結構的if與循環結構while的區別:
if是判斷一次,條件為True執行一行;while是判斷N+1次,條件為True執行N次;
while循環的執行流程:
四步循環法:初始變量、條件判斷、條件執行體(循環體)、改變變量
# 計算0-4之間的累加和
sum = 0
'''初始化變量為0'''
i = 0
while i<=4: # 條件判斷
sum = sum + i # 條件執行體(循環體)
i = i+1 # 改變變量
print(sum)
# 計算1-100之間的偶數和
i = 1
sum = 0
while i<=100:
if i%2==0:
sum+=i
i+=1
print(sum)
# 2550
# 計算1-100之間的偶數和
i = 1
sum = 0
while i<=100:
if not bool(i%2): # 為0的布爾值為false,not false=true---執行;1的布爾值為true,not true=false--不執行!
sum+=i
i+=1
print(sum)
for in循環
in表達從(字符串、序列等)value in one,又稱為遍歷;
for in遍歷的對象必須是可迭代對象;
語法結構:
for 自定義變量 in 可迭代對象
循環體
for i in range(1,10):
print(i) # 循環的次數
輸出結果:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
執行了10次,循環次數
for item in "Python":
print(item)
輸出結果:
P
y
t
h
o
n
If you don't need a custom variable in the loop body,可將自定義變量寫為下劃線 “_”;
for _ in range(5):
print('人生苦短,我用python')
輸出結果:
人生苦短,我用python
人生苦短,我用python
人生苦短,我用python
人生苦短,我用python
人生苦短,我用python
'''輸出100-999之間的水仙花數;
舉例:153=3**3+5**3+1**3
'''
for i in range(100,1000):
ge=i%10
shi=i//10%10
bai=i//100
# print(bai,shi,ge)
if ge**3+shi**3+bai**3==i:
print(i)
輸出結果:
153
370
371
407
breakstatement to end a looping structure,通常與分支結構if一起使用;舉例用“for in”
# 從鍵盤錄入密碼,最多輸入三次,如果正確就結束循環;
for i in range(3): # 0 1 2
secret = int(input('請輸入密碼:'))
if secret==258096:
break
else:
print('密碼錯誤,請重新輸入!')
輸出結果:
請輸入密碼:123456
密碼錯誤,請重新輸入!
請輸入密碼:258096
舉例用while:
i=1 # 初始化變量
while i<3: # 條件判斷
secreat = int(input('請輸入密碼:')) # 條件執行體
if secreat==123456:
break
else:
print('密碼錯誤,請重新輸入')
i+=1 # 改變變量
輸出結果:
請輸入密碼:45689
密碼錯誤,請重新輸入
請輸入密碼:123456
用於結束當前循環,Usually with branching structure in into the next cycleif一起使用;break是跳出當前循環
# 輸入1-50之間的所有的5的倍數
for i in range(1,51):
i*=5
if i>50:
break
else:
print(i)
我寫的:嘻嘻
輸出結果:
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
注意:Standard arithmetic operators to think of when it comes to number crunching!
for i in range(1,51):
if not bool(i%5):
print(i)
else:
continue
Written inspired by the video:嘻嘻 The above is wrong!,Write as follows:
for i in range(1,51):
if not bool(i%5):
print(i)
但是必須使用continue,Then change the way of thinking:什麼樣的數不是5的倍數
for i in range(1,51):-----
if i%5!=0: |
continue----------
print(i)
解釋:當i為1時,判斷1與5Is the remainder after division0,不為0,continue,再到for i in range 循環判斷...直到為0輸出i
else語句:
與else語句配合使用的三種情況:
第一種情況:
if...:
...
else:
...
第二種情況:
while ...:
...
else:
...
第三種情況:
for ...:
...
else:
...
while 與 for使用在有break或continue時,沒有else
for i in range(3):
secret = int(input('請輸入密碼:'))
if secret==258096:
break
else:
print('密碼錯誤,請重新輸入!')
else:
print('對不起,三次密碼均輸入錯誤')
輸出結果:
請輸入密碼:123
密碼錯誤,請重新輸入!
請輸入密碼:456
密碼錯誤,請重新輸入!
請輸入密碼:4789
密碼錯誤,請重新輸入!
對不起,三次密碼均輸入錯誤
i=0
while i<=2:
pwd = int(input('請輸入密碼'))
if pwd == 123456:
break
else:
print('密碼錯誤')
i+=1
else:
print('對不起,均錯誤')
請輸入密碼123
密碼錯誤
請輸入密碼456
密碼錯誤
請輸入密碼789
密碼錯誤
對不起,均錯誤
循環結構中又嵌套了另外的完整的循環結構,其中內層循環作為外層循環的循環體執行
# 打印三行四列的矩形
'''
****
****
****
'''
for i in range(1,4): # 行數3行
for j in range(1,5): # 列數4列
print('*',end=' ') # 不換行輸出
print()
輸出結果:
* * * *
* * * *
* * * *
解釋:
1 2 3 4 j列
1 * * * *
2 * * * *
3 * * * *
i行
說明:When executing the program first、二、Three rows,i為1--j為1---打印 *
When executing the program first、二、Three rows,i為1--j為2---打印 * *
... * * * *
i為2--j為1---打印 * * * *
*
'''打印九九乘法表,First try to print the right triangle first'''
# 打印直角三角形
for i in range(1,10): # 行數
for j in range(1,i+1): # 列數
print(str(i)+'*'+str(j)+'='+str(i * j),end=' ') # 不換行
print() # 換行
解釋:
When performing a first line,i=1,
執行第二行時,j在(1,2)取1
When executing the third line,Output the first line without wrapping、The second line of execution results;為 *
Perform the fourth row,換行;* 之後換行,print out the second line;
i=2 第二行輸出
j(1,3)---j=1,j=2 The first and second columns of the second row
不換行輸出--* *
換行輸出* *,make the third line...
輸出結果:
1x1=1
2x1=2 2x2=4
3x1=3 3x2=6 3x3=9
4x1=4 4x2=8 4x3=12 4x4=16
5x1=5 5x2=10 5x3=15 5x4=20 5x5=25
6x1=6 6x2=12 6x3=18 6x4=24 6x5=30 6x6=36
7x1=7 7x2=14 7x3=21 7x4=28 7x5=35 7x6=42 7x7=49
8x1=8 8x2=16 8x3=24 8x4=32 8x5=40 8x6=48 8x7=56 8x8=64
9x1=9 9x2=18 9x3=27 9x4=36 9x5=45 9x6=54 9x7=63 9x8=72 9x9=81
用於控制本層循環;
break跳出本層循環,Does not affect subsequent program is running;continue
以下舉例沒看懂:
for i in range(5): # 循環次數0-4 5次
for j in range(1,11):---------
if j%2==0: |----
break |----內循環,輸出的內容
print(j,end=' ')----------
print()
1
1
1
1
1
didn't understandj取(1-10),why is it here1與2!
for i in range(5):
for j in range(1,11):<----
if j%2==0: |
continue----------
print(j,end=' ')
print()
1 3 5 7 9
1 3 5 7 9
1 3 5 7 9
1 3 5 7 9
1 3 5 7 9
總結:循環結構中的while用於次數不固定的循環,The initial conditions do not hold,do it once;for in用於遍歷可迭代對象;
breakend the current loop structure;continueEnd the current loop and enter the next loop;
變量可以存儲一個元素,而列表可以存儲N多個元素,Program can be convenient for the data integrity;列表相當於其他語言中的數組
書包---列表 書本、筆盒...---對象
lst = ['hello','world',89]
print(id(lst))
print(type(lst))
print(lst)
輸出結果:
2625645986112
<class 'list'>
['hello', 'world', 89]
解釋:
lst 的id是112,類型是列表,value是'hello','world',89
那麼,Every object also hasid,type,value
'''創建列表的第一種方式---中括號[],Separate elements with commas'''
lst = ['hello','world',90]
'''創建列表的第二種方式---使用內置函數list()'''
lst1 = list(['hello','world',90])
解釋:內存示意圖
-------->|hello(id,type,value)
(id,type,value)lst------->|world(id,type,value)
------->|90(id,type,value)
空列表創建:
lst=[]
lst=list() 與lst=list([]) 輸出一樣,但id不一樣
List elements in order有序排序;
索引映射唯一一個數據
索引 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
數據 'hello' 'world' 123 88.6 'world' 125 world
索引 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
列表可以存儲重復數據;
任意數據類型混存;
根據需要動態分配和回收內存
(元素-->索引)
lst = ['hello','world',98,'hello']
# query list existsN個相同元素,By default only returns the first element of the same elements
print(lst.index('hello')) # 輸出結果0
# 如果查詢的元素在列表中不存在,則會報錯
# print(lst.index('99')) # ValueError
# 在指定的start與stop之間尋找
print(lst.index('hello',1,4)) # 1-4 不包括4 輸出結果3
獲取列表中的單個元素:索引---->元素
正向索引從0到N-1
逆向索引從-N到-1
指定的索引不存在,IndexError
lst = ['hello','world',98,'hello','wwe',789]
# 獲取索引為2的元素
print(lst[2]) # 98
# 獲取索引為-3的元素
print(lst[-3]) # hello
# fetched index element is out of range
# print(lst[-10]) # IndexError
獲取列表中的多個元素:切片
語法格式:
列表名[start : stop : step]
切片操作:
切片的結果----a copy of the original list slice
切片范圍:(start : stop) 前包後不包
step 默認為1,簡寫(start : stop)
step 為正數:
( : stop : step) 切片的第一個元素默認是列表的第一個元素
(start : : step) 切片的最後一個元素默認是列表的最後一個元素
(從start開始往後計算切片)
lst = [10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90]
# start=1,stop=6(不包括索引6的元素),step=1
print('原列表',id(lst))
lst1 = lst[1:6:1] # 默認步長為1,lst[1:6:]
print(lst1)
print('切片後:',id(lst1))
print(lst[1:6]) # 默認步長為1
print(lst[1:6:])
print(lst[1:6:2])
print(lst[:6:2])
print(lst[1::2]) # 從索引為1to the end of the list element
輸出結果:
原列表 1878149972288
[20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
切片後: 1878149975552
[20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
[20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
[20, 40, 60]
[10, 30, 50]
[20, 40, 60, 80]
step為負數:
( : stop:step ) 切片的第一個元素默認是列表的最後一個元素
(start ::step) The last element of the slice defaults to the first element in the list
(從stop開始往前計算切片)
舉例:
lst = [10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90]
print('------step為負數-----')
print('原列表',lst)
print(lst[::-1])
print(lst[7::-1])
print(lst[6:0:-2])
輸出結果:
------step為負數-----
原列表 [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90]
[90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10]
[80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10]
[70, 50, 30]
遍歷:print the elements in the list in sequence.
判斷指定元素在列表中是否存在---in與not in
元素 in 列表名
元素 not in 列表名
舉例:
lst = [10,20,'python','world']
print(10 in lst)
print('hello' not in lst)
輸出結果:
True
True
列表元素的遍歷:
for 迭代變量 in 列表名: # The iterable objects currently learned are lists and strings.
操作
lst = [10,20,'python','world']
for i in lst:
print(i)
輸出結果:
10
20
python
world
列表元素添加:
append():在列表末尾添加一個元素
# 在列表末尾添加一個元素
lst=[123,'rrt','hello',99]
print('原列表',id(lst))
lst.append(100)
print('添加後的列表',lst,id(lst))
# lst2=['hello','world']
# lst.append(lst2) # 將lst2added as the entire listlstafter the last element in
# print(lst) # [123, 'rrt', 'hello', 99, 100, ['hello', 'world']]
輸出結果:
原列表 1503804080448
添加後的列表 [123, 'rrt', 'hello', 99, 100] 1503804080448
[123, 'rrt', 'hello', 99, 100, ['hello', 'world']]
extend():add multiple elements at the end of the list element
# 在列表末尾至少添加一個元素--extend()
lst=[123,'rrt','hello',99,100]
lst2=['hello','world']
lst.extend(lst2) # 將lst2The elements in are added inlst元素後面
print(lst) # [123, 'rrt', 'hello', 99, 100, 'hello', 'world']
輸出結果:
[123, 'rrt', 'hello', 99, 100, 'hello', 'world']
insert():Add an element anywhere in the list by index
lst = ['hello','world',99,23,'pwd']
lst.insert(2,'不要學我') # add element before specifying so
print(lst)
輸出結果:
['hello', 'world', '不要學我', 99, 23, 'pwd']
切片:在列表的任意位置添加至少一個元素
lst=['hello', 'world', '不要學我', 99, 23, 'pwd']
lst2=[True,False,'hello']
lst[3:]=lst2 # 索引為3(包括)don't after cutting,加上lst2的
print(lst)
輸出結果:
['hello', 'world', '不要學我', True, False, 'hello']
列表元素刪除:remove()、pop()、切片、del
remove():根據元素刪除
一次刪除一個指定元素;
lst = [10,20,10,20,50,60,30]
lst.remove(50)
print(lst)
輸出結果:
[10, 20, 10, 20, 60, 30]
重復元素只刪除第一個;
lst = [10,20,10,20,50,60,30]
lst.remove(20)
print(lst)
輸出結果:
[10, 10, 20, 50, 60, 30]
if the element does not existValueError
lst = [10,20,10,20,50,60,30]
lst.remove(70)
print(lst)
輸出結果:
ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list
pop():根據索引刪除
刪除一個指定索引位置上的元素
lst = [10,20,10,20,50,60,30]
lst.pop(0)
print(lst)
輸出結果:
[20, 10, 20, 50, 60, 30]
不指定索引,Deletes the last element in the list by default
lst = [10,20,10,20,50,60,30]
lst.pop()
print(lst)
輸出結果:
[10, 20, 10, 20, 50, 60]
指定索引不存在,ValueError
切片:一次至少刪除一個元素,將產生一個新的列表元素
# 刪除至少一個元素,產生一個新的列表對象
lst = [10,20,10,20,50,60,30]
new_lst = lst[1:3]
print('原列表',id(lst),lst)
print('新列表',id(new_lst),new_lst)
# 不產生新的列表,Instead, delete the contents of the original list
lst[1:3]=[]
print(lst,id(lst))
輸出結果:
原列表 2727795245376 [10, 20, 10, 20, 50, 60, 30]
新列表 2727795190080 [20, 10]
[10, 20, 50, 60, 30] 2727795245376
clear():清楚列表中的所有元素
lst = [10,20,10,20,50,60,30]
lst.clear()
print(lst)
輸出結果:
[]
del:刪除列表
列表元素修改:
為指定索引的元素賦予一個新值(一次修改一個值)
lst = [10,20,10,20,50,60,30]
lst[5]=200
print(lst)
輸出結果:
[10, 20, 10, 20, 50, 200, 30]
為指定的切片賦予一個新值(assign multiple new values)
lst = [10,20,10,20,50,60,30]
lst[:4]=[100,200,100]
print(lst)
輸出結果:
[100, 200, 100, 50, 60, 30]
列表元素排序:
1.調用sort()方法,All elements in the list default to從小到大(升序)順序進行排序,可以指定reverse=True,進行降序排序;
lst = [20,50,98,69,45,60,30]
print('排序前:',lst,id(lst))
lst.sort() # 默認升序,reverse=False
print('排序後:',lst,id(lst))
lst.sort(reverse=True) # 降序
print('after reordering:',lst,id(lst))
輸出結果:
排序前: [20, 50, 98, 69, 45, 60, 30] 1996126241088
排序後: [20, 30, 45, 50, 60, 69, 98] 1996126241088
after reordering: [98, 69, 60, 50, 45, 30, 20] 1996126241088
2.調用內置函數sorted()升序,可以指定reverse=True,進行降序排序,原列表不發生變化;(產生一個新的列表對象)
lst = [20,50,98,69,45,60,30]
print('排序前:',lst,id(lst))
lst1=sorted(lst) # 默認升序,reverse=False
print('排序後:',lst1,id(lst1))
jixu=sorted(lst,reverse=True) # 降序
print('after reordering:',jixu,id(jixu))
輸出結果:
排序前: [20, 50, 98, 69, 45, 60, 30] 2350573895936
排序後: [20, 30, 45, 50, 60, 69, 98] 2350576623040
after reordering: [98, 69, 60, 50, 45, 30, 20] 2350573896512
語法格式:
[i*i for i in range(1,10)]
i*i 表示列表元素的表達式;
i 自定義變量
range(1,10) 可迭代對象
# 注意事項:“表示列表元素的表達式”中通常包含自定義變量
舉例:
lst = [i for i in range(1,10)] # 將1-9The sequence assigned toi,The format of the output in a list
print(lst)
輸出結果:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
輸入2 4 6 8 10的列表
lst = [i*2 for i in range(1,6)] # 將1-9The sequence assigned toi,The format of the output in a list
print(lst)
輸出結果:
[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
是python內置的數據結構之一,與列表一樣是一個可變序列(Data structure can perform addition, deletion and modification operations);不可變序列:整數、字符串(Do not add, delete or modify)
以鍵值對的方式存儲數據,字典是一個無序的序列;鍵不可重復.
實現原理:Hash algorithm is performed when the data is stored in the dictionary,將keyThe hash computation storage location,所以keymust be an immutable sequence,根據key查找value所在的位置
1.使用花括號{}
score = {'張三':100,'李四':98,'王五':45}
空字典:
dcc = {}
2.使用內置函數dict()
dic(name='jack',age=20)
字典中元素的獲取:根據鍵獲取值
1.[] 舉例:score['張三']
2.get()方法 舉例:score.get('張三',66)# If Zhang San does not exist, return the default value66
The difference between the two values:
[]如果字典中不存在指定的key,拋出keyError異常
get()方法取值,如果字典中不存在指定的key,並不會拋出KeyError,而是返回None,可以通過參數設置默認的value,以便指定的key不存在返回
key值判斷:
in 指定的key在字典中存在返回True;
not in 指定的key在字典中不存在返回True
score = {'張三':100,'李四':98,'王五':45}
print('張三' in score)
print('張三' not in score)
輸出結果:
True
False
獲取字典視圖的三種方法:
1.keys()----獲取字典中所有的key
score = {'張三':100,'李四':98,'王五':45}
key = score.keys()
print(key)
print(type(key))
print(list(key))
輸出結果:
dict_keys(['張三', '李四', '王五'])
<class 'dict_keys'>
['張三', '李四', '王五']
2.values()-----獲取字典中所有的value
score = {'張三':100,'李四':98,'王五':45}
value = score.values()
print(value)
print(type(value))
輸出結果:
dict_values([100, 98, 45])
<class 'dict_values'>
3.items()------獲取字典中所有的key,value對
score = {'張三':100,'李四':98,'王五':45}
ii = score.items()
print(ii)
print(type(ii))
輸出結果:
dict_items([('張三', 100), ('李四', 98), ('王五', 45)])
<class 'dict_items'>
字典元素的遍歷:
for item in score:# 獲取的是鍵,其中item是自定義變量
print(item)
score = {'張三':100,'李四':98,'王五':45}
for item in score:
print(item) # 獲取的是鍵
輸出結果:
張三
李四
王五
score = {'張三':96,'李四':100,'麻七':100}
for item in score:
# print(item)
# print(score[item]) 根據key獲取vlaue
print(score.get(item))
輸出結果:
96
100
100
字典元素的刪除:
del score['張三']
score.clear() # 清空字典中的元素 {}
score = {'張三':100,'李四':98,'王五':45}
del score['張三'] # 刪除指定的鍵值對
print(score)
輸出結果:
{'李四': 98, '王五': 45}
字典元素的新增:
score['jack']=90
You can also modify the value of an element:score['李四']=60
score = {'張三':100,'李四':98,'王五':45}
score['小二'] = 90
print(score)
輸出結果:
{'張三': 100, '李四': 98, '王五': 45, '小二': 90}
字典的特點:
1.字典中的所有元素都是一個key-value對,key不可以重復,value可以重復;
2.字典中的元素是無序的;
3.字典中的key必須是不可變對象;
4.字典也可以根據需要動態地伸縮
5.字典會浪費較大的內存,是一種使用空間換時間的數據結構
字典生成式:
內置函數zip():用於將可迭代的對象(可以使用for in循環遍歷的對象)作為參數,將對象中對應的元素打包成一個元組,然後返回由這些元組組成的列表
items = ['Fruits','Book','Other']
prices = [96,78,85]
zz = zip(items,prices)
print(list(zz))
輸出結果:
[('Fruits', 96), ('Book', 78), ('Other', 85)]
tool = ['Fruits','Book','Others']
prace = [98,56,78]
di={kes:vaus for kes,vaus in zip(tool,prace)}
print(di)
輸出結果:
{'Fruits': 98, 'Book': 56, 'Others': 78}
items = ['Fruits','Book','Other']
prices = [96,78,85]
pz={items.upper():prices for items,prices in zip(items,prices)}
# 解釋:
items.upper():prices
items,prices
zip(items,prices)
print(pz)
輸出結果:
{'FRUITS': 96, 'BOOK': 78, 'OTHER': 85}
python內置的數據結構之一,是一個不可變序列;
不可變序列與可變序列:
不可變序列:字符串、元組(沒有增刪改操作)
'''不可變序列:字符串,元組...The memory address change in increased after deletion'''
s = '哈哈'
s1 = s+'hello'
print(s,id(s)) # 2426108766224
print(s1,id(s1)) # 2426108766416
輸出結果:
哈哈 2426108766224
哈哈hello 2426108766416
可變序列:列表、字典(可以對序列執行增刪改操作,對象地址不發生更改)
'''可變序列:列表,字典...The memory address has not changed after the addition, deletion and modification'''
lst = [50,'hello',56,80]
print(lst,id(lst)) # 1847814275392
lst.append(99)
print(lst,id(lst)) # 1847814275392
輸出結果:
[50, 'hello', 56, 80] 1847814275392
[50, 'hello', 56, 80, 99] 1847814275392
tup = ('python','world',90)
print(tup,type(tup))
tup1 = tuple(('python','world',90))
print(tup1,type(tup1))
輸出結果:
('python', 'world', 90) <class 'tuple'>
('python', 'world', 90) <class 'tuple'>
# 注意
tup = ('python','world',90) # 也可以寫成tup='python','world',90
如果是一個元素,比如:tt = ('poop'),輸出的類型是str,所以“只包含一個元組的元素需要使用逗號和小括號” ,逗號不能省略!!!
tt=('poop')
print(tt,type(tt)) # poop <class 'str'>
tt=('poop',)
print(tt,type(tt)) # ('poop',) <class 'tuple'>
# 創建空元組
tt=()
tt=tuple()
# 創建空字典
dd={}
dd=dic()
元組是可迭代對象,所以可以使用for...in進行遍歷(走一遍)
ttp=('python',980,'world')
print(ttp[0]) # How to get a tuple
for i in ttp:
print(i)
輸出結果:
python
python
980
world
集合是什麼:
Python語言提供的內置數據結構;
與列表、Dictionaries are mutable(增刪改查)的序列;
集合是沒有value的字典;
Putting data elements into the collection will calculate the storage location through the hash function,So the first into the elements may not in the first place.(集合元素是無序的)
集合的創建方式:
1.直接{} s={'python','hello',90},存儲單個元素,不允許重復.
s={6,6,7,4,5,6,4,3,4,3} # remove duplicate elements
print(s)
輸出結果:
{3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
2.使用內置函數
s = set(range(6))
print(s) # {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
s = set([2,5,6,2,4,6,3,2])
print(s,type(s)) # {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} <class 'set'>
s = set((34,6,78,90))
print(s,type(s)) # {78, 34, 90, 6} <class 'set'>
s = set('python')
print(s,type(s)) # {'y', 'o', 'p', 'n', 'h', 't'} <class 'set'>
s = set({34,56,78,11,22,22})
print(s,type(s)) # {34, 22, 56, 11, 78} <class 'set'>
s = set() # 定義一個空集合,如果是s={}If the data type is a dictionary!
print(s,type(s)) # set() <class 'set'>
集合元素的判斷操作:in或not in
s = {1,2,5,9,80,100}
print(1 in s)
print(100 not in s)
True
False
集合元素的新增操作:
1.調用add()方法,一次添加一個元素
2.調用update()方法至少添加一個元素
s = {1,2,5,9,80,100}
s.add(12)
print(s) # {1, 2, 100, 5, 9, 12, 80}
s = {1,2,5,9,80,100}
s.update({300,20,800,70})
print(s) # {800, 1, 2, 100, 5, 70, 9, 300, 80, 20}
s = {1,2,5,9,80,100}
s.update(['op',78,66])
print(s) # {1, 2, 'op', 100, 5, 66, 9, 78, 80}
s = {1,2,5,9,80,100}
s.update((65,88,99,'oh'))
print(s) # {1, 2, 65, 100, 5, 99, 9, 80, 88, 'oh'}
集合元素的刪除操作:
調用remove()方法,一次刪除一個指定的元素,如果指定的元素不存在拋出keyerror;
s = {1,2,5,9,80,100}
s.remove(100)
print(s) # {1, 2, 5, 9, 80}
s = {1,2,5,9,80,100}
s.remove(90)
print(s) # KeyError
調用discard()方法,一次刪除一個指定的元素,如果指定的元素不存在不拋出異常;
s = {1,2,5,9,80,100}
s.discard(90)
print(s) # {1, 2, 100, 5, 9, 80} 有就刪除,沒有不報錯
調用pop()方法,Remove only one arbitrary element at a time;
s = {1,2,5,9,80,100,11}
s.pop() # 不能添加參數,No parameter required;TypeError
print(s) # {2, 100, 5, 9, 11, 80}
調用clear()方法,清空集合;
s = {1,2,5,9,80,100,11}
s.clear() #無參,清空
print(s) # set()
兩個集合是否相等:可以使用運算符==或!=進行判斷
s1={10,20,30,40}
s2={40,30,10,20}
print(s1==s2) # True
print(s1!=s2) # False
The elements in the collection is a sequence,The order of output does not determine the storage order(The content of the elements is the same set)
一個集合是否是另一個集合的子集:可以調用方法issubset進行判斷;B是A的子集
s1={10,20,30,40}
s2={40,30,10,20,60,100}
s3={10,20,30,90,100}
se=s1.issubset(s2)
see=s3.issubset(s1)
print(se) # True
print(see) # False
一個集合是否是另一個集合的超集:可以調用方法issuperset進行判斷;A是B的超級
s1={10,20,30,40}
s2={40,30,10,20,60,100}
s3={10,20,30,90,100}
se=s2.issuperset(s1)
see=s2.issuperset(s3)
print(se) # True
print(see) # False
兩個集合是否沒有交集:可以調用方法isdisjoint進行判斷
s1={10,20,30,40}
s2={40,30,10,20,60,100}
s3={400,500,45}
se=s2.isdisjoint(s1)
see=s2.isdisjoint(s3)
print(se) # Flase 有交集為flase
print(see) # True 無交集為True
集合的數學關系:
交集:
s1={50,45,89,40,10}
s2={40,89,50,10,30}
print(s1.intersection(s2))
print(s1 & s2) # intersection()與&都是交集操作
輸出結果:
{40, 89, 10, 50}
{40, 89, 10, 50}
並集:
s1={50,45,89,40,10}
s2={40,89,50,10,3099,66}
print(s1.union(s2))
print(s1 | s2) # union()與|都是並集操作
輸出結果:
{66, 40, 10, 45, 50, 89, 3099}
{66, 40, 10, 45, 50, 89, 3099}
差集:
s1={50,45,89,40,10}
s2={40,89,50,10,3099,66}
print(s1.difference(s2)) # s1-s2 {45}
print(s2.difference(s1)) # s2-s1 {66, 3099} 在s2will be in the collections1remove all elements of
print(s1 - s2) # difference()與-difference operation
輸出結果:
{45}
{45}
對稱差集:
s1={50,45,89,40,10}
s2={40,89,50,10,3099,66}
print(s1.symmetric_difference(s2)) # 去掉相同的元素,the remaining elements
print(s1 ^ s2) # symmetric_difference()與^Symmetric difference operation
輸出結果:
{66, 3099, 45}
{66, 3099, 45}
用於生成集合的公式:
{i*i for i in range(10)}
i*i表示集合元素的表達式
i自定義變量
range(10)可迭代對象(迭代:take turns instead)、
將{}修改為[]list production
沒有元組生成式,因為元組是不可變數據類型;
sett = {i*i for i in range(10)} # for i in range(10) 默認0-9
print(sett) # 集合元素是無序的
輸出結果:
{0, 1, 64, 4, 36, 9, 16, 49, 8125}
列表、字典、元組、集合總結
字符串:在python中字符串是基本數據類型,是一個不可變的字符序列;
a='python'
aa="python"
aaa='''python'''
print(a,id(a))
print(a,id(aa))
print(a,id(aaa))
輸出結果:
python 1481882442352
python 1481882442352
python 1481882442352
解釋:
創建aa字符串的時候,Found the same string in storage,No new storage space will be created,Instead, assign the address of that character to the newly created variable.
字符串的駐留機制:save only a copy of the same and immutable string method,不同的值被存放在字符串的駐留池中,pythonThe persistence mechanism keeps only one copy of the same string,後續創建相同字符串時,不會開辟新空間,Instead, assign the address of that character to the newly created variable.
駐留機制的幾種情況(交互模式):
字符串的長度為0或1時;
>>> s1='' # 字符長度為0
>>> s2=''
>>> s1 is s2
True
>>> s1='%' # 字符長度為1
>>> s2='%'
>>> s1 is s2
True
conforming to the identifier字符串(字母,數字,下滑線);
>>> s1='abc%' # Do not conform to the string
>>> s2='abc%'
>>> s1==s2
True
>>> s1 is s2
False
>>> id(s1)
2277190557360 ----------- 內存地址不一樣!
>>> id(s2)
2277190557424 -----------
>>> s1='abcx'
>>> s2='abcx'
>>> s1==s2
True
>>> s1 is s2 ---------內存地址一樣!
True
字符串只在編譯時進行駐留,而非運行時;
>>> a='abc'
>>> b='ab'+'c' # bThe value of is done before the connection
>>> c=''.join(['ab','c']) # cWhen the program runs, the data in the list is connected
>>> a is b
True
>>> a is c
False ----------------注意這裡!!!
>>> c
'abc'
>>> type(c)
<class 'str'>
>>> type(a)
<class 'str'>
[-5,256]之間的整數數字;
>>> a=-5
>>> b=-5
>>> a is b
True
>>> a=-6
>>> b=-6
>>> a is b
False
sys中的inter方法強制2個字符串指向同一個對象;
>>> import sys
>>> a='abc%'
>>> b='abc%'
>>> a is b
False
>>> a=sys.intern(b)
>>> a is b
True
pycharm對字符串進行了優化處理;
字符串駐留機制的優缺點:
When you need strings with the same value, you can use them directly from the string pool,避免頻繁的創建和銷毀,Improve Xiong'an rate and save memory,因此拼接字符串和修改字符串是會比較影響性能的;
在需要進行字符串拼接時建議使用str類型的join方法,而非+join()方法是先計算出所有字符串的長度,然後再拷貝,只new一次對象,效率要比“+”效率高.
查詢操作方法:
兩者的區別就是:When the appearing location cannot be found,The error results are different;
s='hello,hello'
print(s.index('lo'))
print(s.rindex('lo')) # The comma is also an index value
輸出結果:
3
9
s='hello,hello'
print(s.find('p'))
print(s.rfind('lo'))
輸出結果:
-1
9
解釋:
How to convert case:
s='hello,python'
a=s.upper()
print(a,id(a))
print(s,id(s))
輸出函數:
HELLO,PYTHON 1845603946160
hello,python 1845603572336
解釋:字符串是不可變數據類型,Converting to uppercase memory location is not the same,opened up another storage space,generate new string object.
s='hello,python'
a=s.lower() # 轉換之後會產生一個新的字符串對象
print(a,id(a))
print(s,id(s))
print(a==s)
print(a is s) # Inconsistent memory location;
輸出結果:
hello,python 2168620011248
hello,python 2168619974384
True
False
s2='hello,Python'
print(s2.swapcase()) # HELLO,pYTHON
print(s2.title()) # Hello,Python
print(s2.capitalize()) # Hello,python
內容對齊操作的方法:
s='hello,python'
print(s.center(20,'*')) # ****hello,python****
print(s.ljust(20,"*")) # hello,python********
print(s.center(10,'*')) # hello,python
print(s.center(20))
輸出結果:
****hello,python****
hello,python********
hello,python
hello,python
print(s.rjust(20,'*'))
print(s.rjust(20))
print(s.ljust(10,'*'))
輸出結果:
********hello,python
hello,python
hello,python
print(s.zfill(20))
print(s.zfill(10))
print('-8901'.zfill(8))
輸出結果:
00000000hello,python
hello,python
-0008901
method of splitting:
s='hello world Python'
lst=s.split()
print(lst)
輸出結果:
['hello', 'world', 'Python']
s1='hello|world|python'
lst1=s1.split(sep='|')
print(lst1)
輸出結果:
['hello', 'world', 'Python']
s1='hello|world|python'
lst1=s1.split(sep='|',maxsplit=1)
print(lst1)
輸出結果:
['hello', 'world|python']
s='hello world Python'
lst=s.rsplit()
print(lst)
輸出結果:
['hello', 'world', 'Python']
s1='hello|world|python'
lst1=s1.rsplit('|')
print(lst1)
輸出結果:
['hello', 'world', 'python']
s1='hello|world|python'
lst1=s1.rsplit(sep='|',maxsplit=1)
print(lst1)
輸出結果:
['hello|world', 'python']
判斷字符串操作的方法
s='hello,python'
print(s.isidentifier()) # False
print( 'hello'.isidentifier()) # True
print('張三_'.isidentifier()) # True
print('張三_123'.isidentifier()) # True
print('\t'.isspace()) # True
print('abc'.isalpha()) # True
print('張三'.isalpha()) # True
print('張三1'.isalpha()) # Flase
print('123'.isdecimal()) # True
print('123四'.isdecimal()) # Flase
print('ⅡⅡⅡ'.isdecimal()) # Flase
print('123'.isnumeric()) # True
print('123四'.isnumeric()) # True
print('ⅡⅡⅡ'.isnumeric()) # True
print('abc1'.isalnum()) # True
print('張三123'.isalnum()) # True
print('abc!'.isalnum()) # False
字符串操作的其它方法
s='hello,Python'
print(s.replace('Python','java'))
s1='hello,Python,Python,Python'
print(s1.replace('Python','java'))
print(s1.replace('Python','java',2))
輸出結果:
hello,java
hello,java,java,java
hello,java,java,Python
lst=['hello','java','python']
print('|'.join(lst))
輸出結果:
hello|java|python
lst=['hello','java','python'] -----列表
print(' '.join(lst))
輸出結果:
hello java python
tup=('hello','java','python') -------元組
print(' '.join(tup))
輸出結果:
hello java python
print('*'.join('python'))
輸出結果:
p*y*t*h*o*n
字符串的比較操作:
運算符:>,<=,<,<=,==,!=
比較規則:首先比較兩個字符串中的第一個字符,如果相等則繼續比較下一個字符,以此比較下去,直到兩個字符串中的字符不相等時,其比較結果就是兩個字符串的比較結果,兩個字符串中的所有後續字符將不再被比較;
比較原理:兩個以上字符進行比較時,比較的是其ordinal value(原始值),調用內置函數ord可以得到指定字符的ordinal value.與內置函數ord對應的是內置函數chr,調用內置函數chr時指定ordinal value可以得到其對應的字符.
print('apple'>'app') # True
print('apple'>'banana') # False
print(ord('a'),ord('b')) # Get the original value of the character 97 98
print(ord('馬')) # 39532
print(chr(97),chr(98)) # Get the character corresponding to the original value a b
print(chr(39532)) # 馬
== 比較的是value;is比較的是id(內存地址)是否相等
a=b='python'
c='python'
print(a==b) # True
print(b==c) # True
print(a==c) # True
print(a is b) # True
print(a is c) # True
print(b is c) # True
print(id(a)) # True 1920823049840
print(id(c)) # True 1920823049840
print(id(a)) # True 1920823049840
字符串是不可變類型,不具備增刪改操作,切片操作將產生新的對象
切片:
[start:end:step] The step size is in units of indices
s='hello,python'
s1=s[:5] # 由於沒有指定起始位置,Default from index value0
s2=s[6:]
s3='!'
ss=s1+s3+s2
print(s1)
print(s2)
print(ss)
print(id(s1),type(s1))
print(id(s2),type(s2))
print(id(s3),type(s3))
print(id(ss),type(ss))
輸出結果:
hello
python
hello!python
2858431575024 <class 'str'>
2858431575088 <class 'str'>
2858431526000 <class 'str'>
2858431575152 <class 'str'>
s='hello,python'
print(s[1:5:1]) # ello 從索引為1開始到索引為5,不包含索引為5的,步長為1;
print(s[::2]) # 索引為0,2,4,6,8,10
# hlopto
print(s[::-1]) # 輸出:nohtyp,olleh
# Default starts from the last element of the string,to the first element of the string
print(s[-6::1]) # python
String concatenation format
兩種方式:
%作占位符,%s:字符串,%i或%d:整數,%f:浮點數.
# %做占位符
name='張三'
age=3
print('我叫%s,今年%d歲' % (name,age))
輸出結果:
我叫張三,今年3歲
{}作占位符,
# {}做占位符
name='張三'
age=3
print(f'我叫{name},今年{age}歲')
# f-string格式
print('我叫{0},今年{1}歲'.format(name,age))
輸出結果:
我叫張三,今年3歲
我叫張三,今年3歲
precision and width of the representation
print('%10d' % 66) # 10 表示的是寬度
輸出結果:
66
print('%f' % 3.1415926)
print('%.3f' % 3.1415926)
print('%10.3f' % 3.1415926) # 寬度為10,精度為小數點後3位
輸出結果:
3.141593
3.142
3.142
print('{0}'.format(3.1415926))
輸出結果:
3.1415926
print('{0:.3}'.format(3.1415926)) # 表示總共3位數
輸出結果:
3.14
print('{0:.3f}'.format(3.1415926))
輸出結果:
3.142
print('{0:10.3f}'.format(3.1415926)) # 寬度為10位,保留三位小數
輸出結果:
3.142
Why do you need to encode and decode strings?
編碼與解碼的方式
編碼:Convert string to binary data(bytes)
解碼:將bytestype data into string type
# 編碼格式
s='天涯共此時'
print(s.encode(encoding='gbk')) # 在gbkIn this encoding format, a Chinese occupies2個字節
print(s.encode(encoding='utf-8')) # 在utf-8In this encoding format, a Chinese occupies3個字節
輸出結果:
b'\xcc\xec\xd1\xc4\xb9\xb2\xb4\xcb\xca\xb1'
b'\xe5\xa4\xa9\xe6\xb6\xaf\xe5\x85\xb1\xe6\xad\xa4\xe6\x97\xb6'
# 解碼格式
byte=s.encode(encoding='gbk')
print(byte.decode(encoding='gbk')) # byterepresents binary data
輸出結果:
天涯共此時
byte=s.encode(encoding='utf-8')
print(byte.decode(encoding='utf-8')) # byterepresents binary data
輸出結果:
天涯共此時
函數的定義:函數就是執行特定任務和以完成特定功能的一段代碼(搾汁機);
為什麼使用函數:復用代碼,隱藏實現細節,提高可維護性,提高可讀性便於調試;
函數的創建:
1 def 函數名 ([輸入參數]): # The function name conforms to the specification of the identifier self-naming
2 函數體 # 實現功能
3 [return xxx] # container to receive results(變量)
4 def calc(a,b):
5 c=a+b
6 return c # The end of the function body and submit to results,Submit to the caller of the function
7 res = calc(99,999) # 調用
8 print(res)
輸出結果:
1098
解釋:
when executed in the7行的時候,將值賦值給a與bThe output result is printed out to the caller
形式參數(形參)
def calc(a,b): # a,b稱為形式參數,The definition of formal parameters in the function
實際參數(實參)
res = calc(99,999) # 10,20稱為實參,The arguments are at the call site of the function
How to pass parameters to function calls:
位置實參:根據形參對應的位置進行實參傳遞
res = calc(99,999)
關鍵字實參:根據形參名稱進行實參傳遞
res = calc(b=999,a=99) # The letters to the left of the equal sign are called keyword arguments
Memory Analysis of Function Argument Passing Calls:
Mutable and immutable objects
# 定義函數
def fun(arg1,arg2):
print('arg1',arg1)
print('arg2',arg2)
arg1=100
arg2.append(10)
print('arg1', arg1)
print('arg2', arg2)
# 調用函數
n1=11
n2=[90,50,78]
print('n1',n1)
print('n2',n2)
fun(n1,n2) # 位置傳參,The actual parameter name can be inconsistent with the formal parameter name
print('n1',n1) # n1=11,
print('n2',n2)
'''在函數調用的過程中,進行參數的傳遞
如果是不可變對象n1,在函數體的修改不會影響實參的值,arg1的值改為100,不會影響;
如果是可變對象n2,Modifying the function body will affect the value of the actual parameter,arg2的列表中append(10),會影響n2的值'''
輸出結果:
n1 11
n2 [90, 50, 78]
arg1 11
arg2 [90, 50, 78]
arg1 100
arg2 [90, 50, 78, 10]
n1 11
n2 [90, 50, 78, 10]
函數的返回值:
1.如果函數沒有返回值(函數執行完畢之後,不需要給調用處提供數據),return可以省略不寫;
def fun1():
print('hello')
return # 可以省略不寫
fun1()
輸出結果:
hello
2.函數的返回值如果是1個,直接返回原類型
def fun1():
return 'hello'
stt=fun1()
print(stt)
輸出結果:
hello
3.函數的返回值,如果是多個,返回的結果為元組
def fun2():
return 'hello','python'
print(fun2())
輸出結果:
('hello', 'python')
# cannot be written strictly according to the function structure
# 定義函數
def fun(num):
odd=[] # 存奇數
even=[] # 存偶數
for i in num:
if i%2: # 奇數為1,布爾值為True
odd.append(i)
else:
even.append(i)
return odd,even
lst=[10,55,88,98,78,56,69,33]
print(fun(lst))
輸出結果:
([55, 69, 33], [10, 88, 98, 78, 56])
默認值參數:
'''
函數定義默認值參數:函數定義時,給形參設置默認值,只有與默認值不符的時候才需要傳遞實參
'''
def funn(a,b=10):
print(a,b)
funn(100) # 只傳一個參數,b采用默認值
funn(10,20) # 20將默認值替換
輸出結果:
100 10
10 20
個數可變的位置參數:
定義函數時,可能無法事先確定傳遞的位置實參的個數時,使用可變的位置參數;使用*定義個數可變的位置形參;結果為一個元組
def fun(*args): # 只能是一個參數,argsis a custom parameter
print(args)
fun(10)
fun(10,20)
fun(10,30,50)
輸出結果:
(10,)
(10, 20)
(10, 30, 50)
個數可變的關鍵字形參:
定義函數時,無法事先確定傳遞的關鍵字實參的個數時,使用可變的關鍵字形參;使用**定義個數可變的關鍵字形參;結果為一個字典
def fun(**args): # 只能是一個參數
print(args)
fun(a=10)
fun(a=10,b=20)
fun(a=10,b=30,c=50)
輸出結果:
{'a': 10}
{'a': 10, 'b': 20}
{'a': 10, 'b': 30, 'c': 50}
在一個函數定義過程中,既有個數可變關鍵字形參,There are also variable positional parameters,Variable number of positional parameters just before variable number of keyword parameters!這樣就不會報錯;
函數的參數總結:
函數調用時的參數傳遞:
'''函數調用時的參數--位置/關鍵字實參'''
# Converts all elements of a list to positional arguments--使用*
def fun(a,b,c): # a,b,c在函數的定義處,所以是形式參數
print('a=',a)
print('b=',b)
print('c=',c)
fun(10,20,30) # 函數調用時的參數傳遞,稱為位置傳參
lst=[50,70,10]
fun(*lst) # Convert each element in the list to a positional argument when calling the function
輸出結果:
a= 10
b= 20
c= 30
a= 50
b= 70
c= 10
# Make each key-value pair in the dictionary a keyword argument--使用**
fun(a=100,b=200,c=300) # 函數的調用處,關鍵字傳參
dic={'a':111,'b':222,'c':333}
fun(**dic) # 在函數調用時,Convert each key-value pair of the dictionary into a keyword argument and pass in
輸出結果:
a= 100
b= 200
c= 300
a= 111
b= 222
c= 333
Parameter passing in function definition:
def fun3(a,b,c,d): # *從這個*After the parameters in the function call can only be passed by keyword def fun3(a,b,*,c,d)
print('a',a)
print('b',b)
print('c',c)
print('d',d)
fun3(88,99,111,255) # 位置傳參
fun3(a=45,b=55,c=65,d=85) # 關鍵字傳參
fun3(10,20,c=40,d=50) # The position of the first two are arguments passed,The last two are keyword argument passing
# Function definitions when parameters of the order of the parameter problem
def fun4(a,b,*,c,d,**args):
pass
def fun6(*args,**args2):
pass
def fun7(a,b=10,*args,**args2):
pass
輸出函數:
a 88
b 99
c 111
d 255
a 45
b 55
c 65
d 85
a 10
b 20
c 40
d 50
程序代碼能訪問該變量的區域;
根據變量的有效范圍可分為:
局部變量:在函數內定義的並使用的變量,只在函數內部有效,局部變量使用global聲明,這個變量就會變為全局變量;
Global variable function variables defined in vitro,可作用於函數體外;
def fun(a,b):
c=a+b # c稱為局部變量,因為cIs the function variables defined in the body,a和b為函數的形參,作用范圍也是函數內部,相當於局部變量
print(c)
# print(a) 報錯,a與cBeyond the scope of local variables(超出了作用域)
# print(c)
name='kind teacher' # nameThe scope of action is available both internally and externally,稱為全局變量
print(name)
def fun2():
print('楊老師')
fun2()
def fun3():
global age # 函數內部定義的變量為局部變量,局部變量使用global聲明,這個變量就是全局變量
age=20
print(age)
fun3()
print(age)
輸出結果:
kind teacher
楊老師
20
20
定義:如果在一個The function body of a function calls the function itself,這個函數就稱為遞歸函數;
組成部分:遞歸調用與遞歸終止條件;
調用過程:每遞歸調用一次函數,will allocate a stack needle in the station memory;每執行完一次函數,都會釋放相應的空間
優缺點:缺點:占用內存多,效率低下;優點:思路和代碼簡單
def fun(n): # Calculate the factorial of a number
if n==1:
return 1
else:
return n*fun(n-1)
print(fun(6))
輸出結果:720
解釋:Recursive from top to bottom,Return from bottom to top(還需理解)
fun(6) 720
|
6*fun(5) 6*(120)
|
6*(5*fun(4)) 6*(5*24)
|
6*(5*(4*fun(3))) 6*(5*(4*6))
|
6*(5*(4*(3*fun(2)))) 6*(5*(4*(3*2)))
|
6*(5*(4*(3*(2*fun(1))))) 6*(5*(4*(3*(2*1))))
def fib(n): # nrepresents the number of digits
if n==1:
return 1
elif n==2:
return 1
else:
return fib(n-1)+fib(n-2)
print(fib(7))
# 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 ...
# 輸出前六位數字
for i in range(1,7):
print(fib(i))
輸出結果:
13
1
1
2
3
5
8
what is supplementary recursion:程序調用自身的編程技巧.
面向過程與面向對象:
類是多個類似事物組成的群體的統稱,能夠判斷
1.數據類型:不同的數據類型屬於不同的類;使用內置函數查看數據類型type()
2.對象:100、99、520都是intsimilar to those contained under the classdifferent cases,這個個例專業術語稱為實例或對象
3.類的創建:
class Student: # Student 類名;由一個或多個單詞組成,每個單詞的首字母大寫,其余小寫
pass
# python 中一切皆對象,Student是對象嗎?Do you have memory space??
print(id(Student))
print(type(Student))
print(Student)
輸出結果:
2800713235104
<class 'type'>
<class '__main__.Student'>
4.類的組成:
class Student: # Student 類名;由一個或多個單詞組成,每個單詞的首字母大寫,其余小寫
native_place='吉林' # 直接寫在類裡的變量,稱為類屬性
def __init__(self,name,age): # 初始化變量
self.name=name # self.name稱為實例屬性,進行了一個賦值操作,將局部變量的nameAssign the value of the value to the entity property
self.age=age
# Defined inside a class is called an instance method:Pass the instance object
def study(self):
print('我在實習...')
# 靜態方法
@staticmethod
def method():
print('我使用了staticmethod進行修飾,所以我是靜態方法')
# 類方法
@classmethod
def cm(cls):
print('我是類方法,因為我使用了classmethod進行修飾')
1.對象的創建:又稱為類的實例化
語法: 實例名=類名( )
例子:
class Student: # Student 類名;由一個或多個單詞組成,每個單詞的首字母大寫,其余小寫
native_place='吉林' # 直接寫在類裡的變量,稱為類屬性
def __init__(self,name,age): # 初始化變量
self.name=name # self.name稱為實例屬性,進行了一個賦值操作,將局部變量的nameAssign the value of the value to the entity property
self.age=age
# Defined inside a class is called an instance method:Pass the instance object
def study(self):
print('我在實習...')
# 創建Student類的實例對象
stu=Student('張三',20) # 實例對象(class pointer),Will point class object
print(id(stu)) # StudentThe memory address of the instance object of the class
print(type(stu))
print(stu)
輸出結果:
1761611947792
<class '__main__.Student'>
<__main__.Student object at 0x0000019A28411F10>
class Student: # Student 類名;由一個或多個單詞組成,每個單詞的首字母大寫,其余小寫
native_place='吉林' # 直接寫在類裡的變量,稱為類屬性
def __init__(self,name,age): # 初始化變量
self.name=name # self.name稱為實例屬性,進行了一個賦值操作,將局部變量的nameAssign the value of the value to the entity property
self.age=age
# Defined inside a class is called an instance method
def study(self):
print('我在實習...')
# 創建Student類的實例對象
stu=Student('張三',20) # 實例對象(class pointer),Will point object class object
stu.study() # 對象名.方法名 實例方法
print(stu.name) # 實例屬性
print(stu.age)
# 類名.方法名(類的對象)--實際上就是方法定義處的self
Student.study(stu) # 與stu.study()功能相同,都是調用student的study方法
輸出結果:
我在實習...
張三
20
我在實習...
遺留:兩者區別!
class Student: # Student 類名;由一個或多個單詞組成,每個單詞的首字母大寫,其余小寫
native_place='吉林' # 直接寫在類裡的變量,稱為類屬性(類中方法外的變量稱為類屬性,被該類的所有對象所共享)
def __init__(self,name,age): # 初始化變量
self.name=name # self.name稱為實例屬性,進行了一個賦值操作,將局部變量的nameAssign the value of the value to the entity property
self.age=age
# Defined inside a class is called an instance method
def study(self):
print('我在實習...')
stu = Student('張三',40)
stu1 = Student('李四',35)
print(stu.native_place)
print(stu1.native_place)
Student.native_place = '北京'
print(stu.native_place)
print(stu1.native_place)
輸出結果:
吉林
吉林
北京
北京
類方法:
使用@classmethod修飾的方法,使用類名直接訪問
class Student: # Student 類名;由一個或多個單詞組成,每個單詞的首字母大寫,其余小寫
native_place='吉林' # 直接寫在類裡的變量,稱為類屬性
def __init__(self,name,age): # 初始化變量
self.name=name # self.name稱為實例屬性,進行了一個賦值操作,將局部變量的nameAssign the value of the value to the entity property
self.age=age
# Defined inside a class is called an instance method
def study(self):
print('我在實習...')
@classmethod
def cm(cls):
print('我是類方法,因為我使用了classmethod修飾')
Student.cm()
輸出結果:
我是類方法,因為我使用了classmethod修飾
靜態方法:
使用@staticmethod修飾的方法,使用類名直接訪問
class Student: # Student 類名;由一個或多個單詞組成,每個單詞的首字母大寫,其余小寫
native_place='吉林' # 直接寫在類裡的變量,稱為類屬性
def __init__(self,name,age): # 初始化變量
self.name=name # self.name稱為實例屬性,進行了一個賦值操作,將局部變量的nameAssign the value of the value to the entity property
self.age=age
# Defined inside a class is called an instance method
def study(self):
print('我在實習...')
@staticmethod
def stamen():
print('我是靜態方法,因為我使用了staticmenthod')
Student.stamen()
輸出結果:
我是靜態方法,因為我使用了staticmenthod
Python是動態語言,在創建對象之後可以動態的綁定屬性和方法
class Student():
def __init__(self,name,age):
self.name = name # 實例化變量=局部變量
self.age = age
def eat(self):
print('在吃飯')
stu1 = Student('張三',20)
stu2 = Student('馬武',47)
# 動態綁定屬性
stu2.gender = '女'
print(stu1.name,stu1.age)
print(stu2.name,stu2.age,stu2.gender)
# 動態綁定方法
def show(): # 函數
print('動態綁定方法')
stu1.show = show # 方法
stu1.show()
輸出結果:
張三 20
馬武 47 女
動態綁定方法
python類函數有self和沒self的區別:有selfinstance must be created;沒有selfFunctions can be called directly with the class name.
封裝:提高程序的安全性;
將數據(屬性)和行為(方法)wrapped in a class object.在Methods internal properties進行操作,在類對象的外部調用方法.這樣,無需關心方法內部的具體實現細節,從而隔離了復雜度.
在python中沒有專門的修飾符用於屬性的私有,如果該屬性不希望在類對象外部被訪問,前邊使用兩個“_”
class Car():
def __init__(self,brand): # brand 是類的一個屬性
self.brand = brand
def start(self):
print('汽車已啟動')
car = Car('大眾')
Car.start(car) # car.start()
print(car.brand)
輸出結果:
汽車已啟動
大眾
class Student():
def __init__(self,name,age):
self.name = name
self.__age = age # don't want to call outside the class
def show(self):
print(self.name,self.__age)
stu = Student('lisi',20)
stu.show()
print(stu.name)
# print(stu.__age) error cannot be called
print(dir(stu))
print(stu._Student__age)
輸出結果:
lisi 20
lisi
['_Student__age', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'name', 'show']
20
繼承:提高代碼的復用性
語法格式:
class 子類類名(父類1,父類2,...):
pass
#如果一個類沒有繼承任何類,則默認繼承object
#python支持多繼承
#定義子類時,必須在其構造函數中調用父類的構造函數
class Person(object):
def __init__(self,name,age):
self.name=name
self.age=age
def info(self):
print(self.name,self.age)
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self,name,age,stunum):
super().__init__(name,age) # super函數是用來調用父類(超類)的一個方法;
self.stunum=stunum
class Teacher(Person):
def __init__(self,name,age,teachyear):
super().__init__(name,age)
self.teachyear=teachyear
student=Student('李四',23,'18010832')
teacher=Teacher('麼妹',60,23)
student.info()
teacher.info()
輸出結果:
李四 23
幺妹 23
class A(object):
pass
class B(object):
pass
class C(A,B):
pass
方法重寫:
如果子類對繼承的父類的某個屬性或方法不滿意,可以在子類中對其(方法體)進行重新編寫;
子類重寫後的方法:super().xxx()調用父類中被重寫的方法;
class Person(object):
def __init__(self,name,age):
self.name=name
self.age=age
def info(self):
print(self.name,self.age)
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self,name,age,stunum):
super().__init__(name,age)
self.stunum=stunum
def info(self):
super().info()
print(self.stunum)
class Teacher(Person):
def __init__(self,name,age,teachyear):
super().__init__(name,age)
self.teachyear=teachyear
def info(self):
super().info()
print(self.teachyear)
student=Student('李四',23,'18010832')
teacher=Teacher('麼妹',60,23)
student.info()
teacher.info()
輸出結果:
李四 23
18010832
麼妹 60
23
object類:
是所有類的父類,因此所有類都有object類的屬性和方法;
內置函數dir()You can view all properties of the specified object;
object有一個____str____()方法,用於返回一個對於“對象的描述”,對應於內置函數str()經常用於print()方法,幫我們查看對象的信息,所以我們經常會對____str____()進行重寫.
class Student():
pass
stu=Student()
print(dir(stu))
print(stu)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']
<__main__.Student object at 0x00000186A9217400> Returns the description of the object
重寫____str____()方法
class Person:
def __init__(self,name,age):
self.name=name
self.age=age
def __str__(self):
return '我的名字叫{0},今年{1}歲'.format(self.name,self.age)
stu=Person("Ma Lirong",23)
print(dir(stu)) #可以查看指定對象所有屬性
print(type(stu))
print(stu)
輸出結果:
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'age', 'name']
<class '__main__.Person'>
My name is Ma Lirong,今年23歲
多態:提高程序的可擴展性和可維護性
即便不知道一個變量所引用的對象到底是什麼類型,仍然可以通過這個變量調用方法,During runtime according to the type of the object referenced by the variable,Dynamically call a method in which object
class Anmial(object):
def eat(self):
print("動物要吃...")
class Dog(Anmial):
def eat(self):
print("狗吃骨頭...")
class Cat(Anmial):
def eat(self):
print("The cat cat loves to eat fish...")
class Person(object):
def eat(self):
print("人吃五谷雜糧...")
def func(anmi):
anmi.eat() # don't care about the type of the object,Whether the object has a relationshipeat的行為
func(Dog())
func(Cat())
func(Person())
func(Anmial())
輸出結果:
狗吃骨頭...
The cat cat loves to eat fish...
人吃五谷雜糧...
動物要吃...
person不存在繼承關系,但是有eat方法;
python是動態語言,可以動態的綁定屬性和方法,不需要關心personwhose subclass,關心person是否有eat屬性或方法;
特殊屬性:dict() 獲得類對象或實例對象所綁定的所有屬性和方法的字典
class A:
pass
class B:
pass
class C(A,B):
def __init__(self,name,age):
self.name=name
self.age=age
class D(A):
pass
#創建C類對象
x=C('Jack',20) # x是C類型的實例對象;
print(x.__dict__) #實例對象的屬性字典
print(C.__dict__)
print(x.__class__) # 輸出對象所屬的類
print(C.__bases__) # C類的父類類型的元素
print(C.__base__) # 類的基類
print(C.__mro__) # 類的層次結構
print(A.__subclasses__())
輸出結果:
{'name': 'Jack', 'age': 20}
{'__module__': '__main__', '__init__': <function C.__init__ at 0x000002450577D670>, '__doc__': None}
<class '__main__.C'>
(<class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.B'>)
<class '__main__.A'>
(<class '__main__.C'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class 'object'>)
[<class '__main__.C'>, <class '__main__.D'>]
__init__ __new__ 方法:
class Students(object):
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): # 用於創建對象
print('__new__被調用執行了,cls的id值為:{0}'.format(id(cls))) # 4608
objj=super().__new__(cls)
print('創建的對象的id為:{0}'.format(id(objj))) # 3824
return objj
def __init__(self,name,age): # 對創建的對象進行初始化
print('__init__方法調用了id:{0}'.format(id(self))) # 3824
self.name = name
self.age = age
print("輸出Student類的的id:{0}".format(id(Students))) # 4608
print("輸出object對象的id:{0}".format(id(object))) # 2336
stu = Students("張三",20)
print("輸出實例對象stuid:{0}".format(id(stu))) # 3824
clsis the first parameter in the class method,表示類本身;selfis the first parameter in an instance method,表示對象本身.
變量的賦值操作:只是形成了兩個變量,實際上還是指向同一個對象
class CPU:
pass
class Disk:
pass
class Computer:
def __init__(self,cpu,disk):
self.cpu = cpu
self.disk =disk
# 變量的賦值
cpu1 = CPU()
cpu2 = cpu1
print(cpu1,id(cpu1))
print(cpu2,id(cpu2))
輸出結果:
<__main__.CPU object at 0x000001F0FA767400> 2134505845760
<__main__.CPU object at 0x000001F0FA767400> 2134505845760
淺拷貝:python拷貝一般都是淺拷貝,When copying, the sub-objects contained in the object are not copied,因此,原對象與拷貝對象會引用同一個子對象.(Is to set up aComputer實例對象,Equivalent to the original instance objectid變了,但是value不變,So the new copycomputer實例對象cpu和disk還是原來的)
class CPU:
pass
class Disk:
pass
class Computer:
def __init__(self,cpu,disk):
self.cpu = cpu
self.disk =disk
cpu1 = CPU()
# 類的淺拷貝
disk = Disk()
computer = Computer(cpu1,disk)
import copy
computer2 = copy.copy(computer)
print(computer,computer.cpu,computer.disk)
print(computer2,computer2.cpu,computer2.disk)
輸出結果:
<__main__.Computer object at 0x0000019CA5AB4640> <__main__.CPU object at 0x0000019CA5AC7400> <__main__.Disk object at 0x0000019CA5B41CA0>
<__main__.Computer object at 0x0000019CA5BBA070> <__main__.CPU object at 0x0000019CA5AC7400> <__main__.Disk object at 0x0000019CA5B41CA0>
深拷貝:使用copy模塊的deepcopy函數,遞歸拷貝對象中包含的子對象,All child objects of the source object and the copy object are also different.
class CPU:
pass
class Disk:
pass
class Computer:
def __init__(self,cpu,disk):
self.cpu = cpu
self.disk =disk
cpu1 = CPU()
disk = Disk()
computer = Computer(cpu1,disk)
import copy
computer3 = copy.deepcopy(computer)
print(computer,computer.cpu,computer.disk)
print(computer3,computer3.cpu,computer3.disk)
輸出結果:
<__main__.Computer object at 0x0000021BD3C64640> <__main__.CPU object at 0x0000021BD3C77400> <__main__.Disk object at 0x0000021BD58A1CA0>
<__main__.Computer object at 0x0000021BD591A130> <__main__.CPU object at 0x0000021BD5966D30> <__main__.Disk object at 0x0000021BD5983AC0>
模塊:Modules
函數與模塊的關系:一個模塊中可以包含N多個函數;
在python中一個擴展名為.py的文件就是一個模塊;
使用模塊的好處:方便其它程序和腳本的導入並使用;避免函數名和變量名沖突;Improve code maintainability and reusability.
創建模塊:新建一個.py文件,名稱盡量不要與python自帶的標准模塊名稱相同
導入模塊:
import 模塊名稱 [as 別名]
from 模塊名稱 import 函數/變量/類
import math
print(math.pi)
print(math.pow(2,3))
print(math.ceil(9.001))
print(math.floor(9.999))
輸出結果:
3.141592653589793
8.0
10
9
或者這樣寫...
from math import pi
from math import pow
print(pi)
print(pow(2,3))
輸出結果:
3.141592653589793
8.0
導入自定義模塊:
新建名為calc.py的模塊,寫入內容為
def add(a,b):
return a+b
def div(c,d):
return (c/d)
再新建文件.py,引入自定義的模塊
import calc
print(calc.add(2, 3))
print(calc.div(10,4))
輸出結果:
5
2.5
也可以這樣寫:
from calc import add
from calc import div
print(add(2,3))
print(div(10,4))
輸出結果:
5
2.5
Include a variable in the definition of each module that records the module name____name____,程序可以檢查該變量,以確定他們在哪個模塊中執行.如果一個模塊不是被導入到其它程序中執行,那麼他可能在解釋器的頂級模塊中執行.頂級模塊的____name____變量值為____main____
if __name__ == '__main__':
pass
# 輸入“main”,Enter will output if __name__ == '__main__':
新建文件calc2:
def add(a,b):
return a+b
if __name__ == '__main__': # 只有當運行calc2的時候才會輸出“print”
print(add(10,24))
create another filedemo0:
import calc2
print(calc2.add(10,20)) # Imported modules are no longer exportedcalc2的print...
包是一個分層次的目錄結構,它將一組功能相近的模塊組織在一個目錄下;
作用:代碼規范、避免模塊名沖突;
包與目錄的區別:包包含init.py文件的目錄稱為包;目錄裡通常不包含init.py文件;
PythonThere are multiple packages under the program,Each package has multiple modules corresponding to it,classes in every module,function properties, etc....
包的導入:
import 包名.模塊名
右鍵模塊:“new package”, "new directory"
右鍵package1“new python file” --module1.py(寫入a=1)與module2.py(寫入b=2)
jichu下新建py文件-demo3,在demo3導入包:
import package1.module1
print(package1.module1.a)
或者可以這樣寫
import package1.module1 as KK # KK是package1.module1的別名
print(KK.a)
輸出結果:
1
Considerations when importing modules of a package:
使用importWhen importing, it can only be followed by the package name or module name
import module
import package
使用from ... importWhen importing, you can follow the package,模塊,函數,變量
from package import module1
from package.module import a
補充一個meUnknown knowledge points:json文件是Store data structures and objects的文件,在web應用程序中進行數據交換.
# 獲取對象的內存大小
import sys
print(sys.getsizeof(24))
print(sys.getsizeof(str))
# 獲取時間
import time
print(time.time()) # output in seconds
print(time.localtime(time.time())) # 轉為本地時間
輸出結果:
1650168268.3991244
time.struct_time(tm_year=2022, tm_mon=4, tm_mday=17, tm_hour=12, tm_min=4, tm_sec=28, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=107, tm_isdst=0)
# read Baidu
import urllib.request
print(urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.baidu.com').read())
Online installation of third-party modules:
pip install schedule
C:\Users>python
>>> import schedule # If no echo is displayed, the installation is successful
第三方模塊的使用:
import 模塊名
import schedule
import time
def job():
print('哈哈,嘻嘻...')
schedule.every(3).seconds.do(job)
while True: # wireless loop statement
schedule.run_pending()
time.sleep(1)
補充作業:Send messages automatically(qq,wx,mail)怎末寫!!??
常見的字符編碼格式:
python的解釋器使用的是Unicode(內存);
.py文件在磁盤上使用的是UTF-8(外存)
Different coding format decided to take up disk space size.
更改編碼格式:
#encoding=gbk
文件的讀寫操作俗稱“IO操作”;
文件讀寫操作流程:
操作原理:
.pyThe file is executed by the interpreter,Interpreter calls operating system resources to manipulate files on disk,Read and write operations to files on the hard disk.打開一個python文件後,Application data runs in memory,Take data from memory to the application name is read,Writing data to memory is called writing.
內置函數open()創建文件對象:
語法規則:
file = open(filename [,mode,encoding])
被創建的文件對象 要創建或打開的文件名稱 打開模式默認為只讀 default text filetxtThe encoding format of the characters ingbk;
新建文本文檔wendang.txt(默認編碼格式是gbk):
中國
美麗
新建.py文件:
file=open('wenben.txt','r',encoding='utf-8') # 將txtThe encoding format is converted to.pyFile default encoding formatutf-8
print(file.readlines())
file.close()
輸出結果: # 列表形式輸出
['中國\n', '美麗']
文件的類型:按文件中數據的組織形式,文件分為以下兩大類
文本文件:storage is normal“字符文本”,默認為Unicode字符集,可以使用記事本程序打開;
二進制文件:把數據內容用“字節”存儲,無法用記事本打開,必須使用專用的軟件打開,舉例:MP3音頻文件 .jpg圖片 .doc文檔等.
# r
file=open('123.txt','w') # Overwrite with the contents of the file,If there is no file, create a file and write the content
file.write('python')
file.close()
輸出結果:
There is this file and why the content of the file is overwritten by the written content;
Without this file there will be a new file123.txt創建,寫入內容
python
#a
file=open('123.txt','a') # 追加內容
file.write('python')
file.close()
在已有的123.texoutput in file:
pythonpython
src_file=open('photo.jpg','rb')
targt_file=open('copyphoto.jpg','wb')
targt_file.write(src_file.read())
src_file.close()
targt_file.close()
a.txt內容為
中國
美麗
讀:
file = open('a.txt', 'r', encoding='UTF-8')
print(file.read())
輸出結果:
中國
美麗
file = open('a.txt', 'r', encoding='UTF-8')
print(file.read(2))
輸出結果:
中國
file = open('a.txt', 'r', encoding='UTF-8')
print(file.readline())
輸出結果:
中國
file = open('a.txt', 'r', encoding='UTF-8')
print(file.readlines())
輸出結果:
['中國\n', '美麗']
寫:
file = open('c.txt', 'a')
file.write('hello') # write string to content
file.close() # 創建名為c.txt文件內容為“hello”
file = open('c.txt', 'a')
lst = ['java','go','python']
file.writelines(lst)
file.close() # c.txt文件中內容為 “hellojavagopython”
file = open('d.txt', 'r',encoding='utf-8')
file.seek(3) # 一個中文占2個字節,光標停在“中之前”
print(file.read())
file.close()
輸出結果:
國
美麗
file = open('d.txt', 'r',encoding='utf-8')
print(file.read())
print(file.tell()) # 14字節
file.close()
輸出結果:
中國
美麗
14
file = open('f.txt', 'a')
file.write('enheng')
file.flush() # The data will be written to the cache first
file.write('aha')
file.close()
輸出結果:
enhengaha
with語句可以自動管理上下文資源,不論什麼原因跳出with塊,都能確保文件正確的關閉,以此來達到釋放資源的目的.
with open('f.txt','r',encoding='utf-8') as file:
print(file.read())
open('f.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')稱為上下文表達式,object is called a context manager
上下文管理器:A class object implements special methods____enter____與____exit____,Then the class object is said to comply with the contextual protocol,An instance object of this class is called a context manager.
語言解釋:
class MyContentMgr(object):
def __enter__(self):
print("__enter__方法被調用了")
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
print("__exit__被調用執行了")
def show(self):
print('show方法被調用執行了')
with MyContentMgr() as file: # 相當於MycontentMgr=file
file.show()
輸出結果:
__enter__方法被調用了
show方法被調用執行了
__exit__被調用執行了
Whether there is an exception or not, it will still be calledexit方法退出 auto-close resource
建議用withstatement write open file
with open('789.jpg', 'rb') as src_file:
with open('9810.jpg','wb') as targ_file:
targ_file.write(src_file.read())
目錄操作:os模塊是python內置的與操作系統功能和文件系統相關的模塊,該模塊中的語句的執行結果通常與操作系統有關,在不同的操作系統上運行,得到的結果可能不一樣.os模塊與os.path模塊用於對目錄或文件進行操作.
import os
os.system('notepad.exe') # Open the Notepad app
os.system('calc.exe') # Open computer applications
# 直接調用可執行文件
os.startfile('C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Tencent\\QQ\\Bin\\qq.exe') # 登錄應用程序qq
os模塊操作目錄相關函數:
import os
print(os.getcwd())
lis = os.listdir('../jichu') # 注意是“/”
print(lis)
os.mkdir('newpy') # The default directory path is under the same path as the file of the currently written program
os.makedirs('A/B/C')
os.rmdir('newpy.py')
os.removedirs('A/B/C')
import os
print(os.getcwd())
os.chdir('E:\\(network)\\pythonInformation and Exercises\\python學習-練習\\project')
print(os.getcwd())
輸出結果:
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\project
import os.path
print(os.path.abspath('project')) # 目錄的絕對路徑
print(os.path.exists('jichu'),os.path.exists('calc.py'))
print(os.path.join('E:\\Python','demo110.py'))
print(os.path.split('E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu')) #Directory and file splitting
print(os.path.splitext('bug.py'))
print(os.path.basename('E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\leiyuduixiang.py'))
print(os.path.dirname('E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\leiyuduixiang.pyd'))
print(os.path.isdir('E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu'))
輸出結果:
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\project
True False
E:\Python\demo110.py
('E:\\(network)\\pythonInformation and Exercises\\python學習-練習', 'jichu')
('bug', '.py')
leiyuduixiang.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu
True
練習:獲取當前目錄下的所有.pyw文件
import os
path = os.getcwd()
pyfile = os.listdir(path)
for file in pyfile:
if file.endswith('.py'): # 以什麼結尾
print(file)
walk()方法:Recursively traverse all files and directories in the specified directory.And traverse all subdirectories under the directory.
import os
path = os.getcwd()
lis_files = os.walk(path) # 返回為一個元組
print(lis_files) # 是一個迭代器對象 <generator object walk at 0x00000148F96ED7B0>
for dirpath,dirname,filename in lis_files:
print(dirpath)
print(filename)
print(dirname)
print('------------------') # not only traverse out of the current directory、文件,Also traverse out subdirectories and subfiles
輸出結果:
<generator object walk at 0x00000134139F3740>
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu
['123.txt', '789.jpg', '9810.jpg', 'a.txt', 'bug.py', 'c.txt', 'calc.py', 'copyphoto.jpg', 'd.txt', 'demo19.py', 'demo3.py', 'f.txt', 'leiyuduixiang.py', 'Object類.py', 'os模塊.py', 'os模塊函數.py', 'withStatement copy picture.py', '上下文管理器.py', '主程序1.py', '主程序2.py', '內置模塊.py', 'Install third-party modules online.py', '多態.py', '引入自定義模塊.py', '斐波那契數列.py', '模塊.py', '深拷貝與淺拷貝.py', '特殊方法.py', '特殊方法2.py', '生活照10.jpg', '類方法與靜態方法.py', '繼承.py', '獲取.py文件.py', '試試.py', '讀寫方法.py', '讀取文件.py', '調試.py']
['directory1', 'me', 'newpy', 'package1', '__pycache__']
------------------
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\directory1
['1.py', '2.py']
['subdir2']
------------------
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\directory1\subdir2
['su1.py']
[]
------------------
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\me
[]
['mine']
------------------
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\me\mine
[]
['you']
------------------
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\me\mine\you
[]
[]
------------------
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\newpy
[]
[]
------------------
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\package1
['module1.py', 'module2.py', '__init__.py']
['__pycache__']
------------------
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\package1\__pycache__
['module1.cpython-38.pyc', '__init__.cpython-38.pyc']
[]
------------------
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\__pycache__
['calc.cpython-38.pyc', '主程序1.cpython-38.pyc']
[]
------------------
import os
path = os.getcwd()
lis_files = os.walk(path) # 返回為一個元組
print(lis_files) # 是一個迭代器對象 <generator object walk at 0x00000148F96ED7B0>
for dirpath,dirname,filename in lis_files:
for dir in dirname:
print(os.path.join(dirpath,dir)) # How many subdirectories are there in the current directory
for file in filename:
print(os.path.join(dirpath,file)) # Traversing all files and directories in the specified directory is similar to recursive operation
print('--------------------')
輸出結果:
<generator object walk at 0x0000024AD0933740>
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\directory1
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\me
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\newpy
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\package1
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\__pycache__
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\123.txt
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\789.jpg
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\9810.jpg
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\a.txt
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\bug.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\c.txt
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\calc.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\copyphoto.jpg
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\d.txt
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\demo19.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\demo3.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\f.txt
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\leiyuduixiang.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\Object類.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\os模塊.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\os模塊函數.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\withStatement copy picture.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\上下文管理器.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\主程序1.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\主程序2.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\內置模塊.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\Install third-party modules online.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\多態.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\引入自定義模塊.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\斐波那契數列.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\模塊.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\深拷貝與淺拷貝.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\特殊方法.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\特殊方法2.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\生活照10.jpg
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\類方法與靜態方法.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\繼承.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\獲取.py文件.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\試試.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\讀寫方法.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\讀取文件.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\調試.py
--------------------
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\directory1\subdir2
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\directory1\1.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\directory1\2.py
--------------------
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\directory1\subdir2\su1.py
--------------------
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\me\mine
--------------------
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\me\mine\you
--------------------
--------------------
--------------------
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\package1\__pycache__
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\package1\module1.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\package1\module2.py
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\package1\__init__.py
--------------------
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\package1\__pycache__\module1.cpython-38.pyc
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\package1\__pycache__\__init__.cpython-38.pyc
--------------------
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\__pycache__\calc.cpython-38.pyc
E:\(network)\pythonInformation and Exercises\python學習-練習\jichu\__pycache__\主程序1.cpython-38.pyc
--------------------
Complementary word comprehension:
循環(loop),指的是在滿足條件的情況下,重復執行同一段代碼.比如,while語句.
迭代(iterate),指的是按照某種順序逐個訪問列表中的每一項.比如,for語句.每一次對過程的重復稱為一次“迭代”,而每一次迭代得到的結果會作為下一次迭代的初始值.走n遍,反反復復
遍歷(traversal),指的是按照一定的規則訪問樹形結構中的每個節點,而且每個節點都只訪問一次.'走一遍'
遞歸(recursion),Refers to the behavior of a function that keeps calling itself.比如,Programmatically output the famous Fibonacci sequence.
1.漏了末尾的冒號,如if語句,循環語句,else子句等;
2.縮進錯誤;
3.把英文符號寫成中文符號;
4.字符串拼接的時候,把字符串和數字拼在一起;
5.沒有定義變量;
6."=="Comparison and Assignment Operators"="混用
思路不清導致的問題解決方案
1.使用print()函數;
2.使用"#"暫時注釋部分代碼;
被動掉坑:程序代碼邏輯沒有錯,只是因為用戶錯誤操作或者一些"例外情況"而導致的程序崩潰;
異常處理機制:可以在異常出現時即時捕獲,Then continue within"消化",讓程序繼續運行;
try...except...結構
try:
...
Exception code that may occur...
...
except xxx(異常類型):
...
異常處理代碼... # 報錯後執行的代碼
...
# Enter two integers and divide by
try:
num1 = int(input('enter first個整數:'))
num2 = int(input('輸入第二個整數:'))
num = num1/num2
print(num)
except:
print('輸出錯誤')
或
try:
num1 = int(input('enter first個整數:'))
num2 = int(input('輸入第二個整數:'))
num = num1/num2
print(num)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print('輸出錯誤')
多個except結構:捕獲異常的順序按照先子類後父親類的順序,為了避免遺漏可能出現的異常,可以在最後增加BaseException
try:
...
... # Exception code that may occur
...
except Expection1:
...
... # 異常處理代碼
...
except Expection2:
...
... # 異常處理代碼
...
except BaseException:
...
... # 異常處理代碼
...
try:
num1 = int(input('enter first個整數:'))
num2 = int(input('輸入第二個整數:'))
num = num1/num2
print(num)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print('除數不能為0')
except ValueError:
print('不能為字母')
except BaseException as e:
print('程序結束')
try...except...else結構
如果try塊中沒有拋出異常,則執行else塊,如果try中拋出異常,則執行except塊.
try:
num1 = int(input('enter first個整數:'))
num2 = int(input('輸入第二個整數:'))
num = num1/num2
except BaseException as e:
print('出錯了')
print(e)
else:
print('結果為:',num)
try...except...else...finally結構
finally塊無論如何是否發生異常都會被執行,能常用來釋放try塊中申請的資源.
try:
num1 = int(input('enter first個整數:'))
num2 = int(input('輸入第二個整數:'))
num = num1/num2
except BaseException as e:
print('出錯了')
print(e)
else:
print('結果為:',num)
finally:
print('無論是否產生異常,總會被執行的代碼')
print('程序結束')
輸出結果:
enter first個整數:78
輸入第二個整數:2
結果為: 39.0
無論是否產生異常,總會被執行的代碼
程序結束
sorted()函數對all iterable objects進行排序操作.
語法:
sorted(interable,cmp=None,key=None,reverse=False)
interable--可迭代對象;
cmp--比較的函數,這個具有兩個參數,參數的值都是從可迭代對象中取出,The rules this function must obey are:大於則返回1,小於則返回-1,等於則返回0;
key--主要用來進行比較的元素,只有一個參數,The specific function parameters are taken from the iterable object,Specifies an element in an iterable to sort.
reverse--排序規則,reverse=True降序,reverse=False升序(default).
A bridge to get parameters from outside the program,獲得的是一個列表,用[]提取其中的元素,其第一個元素是程序本身,隨後才依次是外部給予的參數.
模塊:a_plus_b.py
def plus(a:int, b:int ) -> int:
return a + b
模塊:main.py
import sys
from a_plus_b import plus
a = int(sys.argv[1])
b = int(sys.argv[2])
print(plus(a,b))
sum(interable[,start])
interable--可迭代對象,列表、元組、集合.
start--指定相加的參數,If this value is not set,默認為0.
map(function,interable,...)
function--函數
interable--一個或多個序列
返回迭代器(python3.x)
import sys
input_filepath = sys.argv[1]
with open(input_filepath,'r',encoding='utf-8') as sum_file:
sumfile = sum_file.read().split(' ')
# print(sumfile,type(sumfile))
new_num = map(int,sumfile)
print(sum(new_num))
splitlines()方法語法:
str.splitlines([keepends])
count()方法語法:
str.count(sub,start = 0,end = len(string))
sub--搜索的子字符串
start--字符串開始搜索的位置.默認為第一個字符,第一個字符的索引值為0.
end--字符串中結束搜索的位置.字符中第一個字符的索引為0.Defaults to the last position of the string
返回值:返回子字符串在字符串中出現的次數.
def num_your(poem):
# write your code here
# num_count = 0
# for item in poem.splitlines():
# if 'your' in item:
# num_count += 1
# return num_count
num_count = poem.count(' your ')
return num_count
len()方法返回對象(字符、列表、元組)長度或項目個數.
len()方法語法:
len(s)
s--對象
返回值:對象長度
eval()函數用來執行一個字符串表達式,並返回表達式的值.
語法:
eval(expression[,globals[,locals]])
expression--表達式
globals--變量作用域,全局命名空間,如果被提供,則必須是一個字典對象.
post()
方法將POST請求發送到指定的URL.
post()
Send some data to the server to use.
requests.post(url, data={key: value}, json={key: value}, args)
argsrepresents zero or more of the following parameter list*命名*參數.例:
requests.post(url, data = myobj, timeout=2.50)
True
(允許重定向)auth可選.用於啟用某種HTTP身份驗證的元組. 默認None
cert可選.指定證書文件或密鑰的字符串或元組. 默認None
cookies可選.要發送到指定網址的Cookie字典. 默認None
headers可選.要發送到指定網址的HTTP標頭字典. 默認None
proxies可選.URL代理協議字典. 默認None
stream可選.如果響應應立即下載(False)或流式傳輸(True)的布爾指示. 默認False
timeout可選.一個數字或一個元組,指示等待客戶端建立連接和/或發送響應的秒數. 默認值None
表示請求將繼續,直到連接關閉verify可選.用於驗證服務器TLS證書的布爾值或字符串指示. 默認True