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您现在的位置: 程式師世界 >> 編程語言 >  >> 更多編程語言 >> Python

Python+Vue實現簡單的前後端分離

編輯:Python

准備工作

  1. 安裝Node環境
  2. 安裝Python環境

注意:項目整個過程需要從後往前,即先數據庫->後端->前端;啟動流程也是先啟動後端項目,再啟動前端項目

前端

開發工具:Visual Studio Code(推薦)、WebStorm

打開cmd,安裝Vue腳手架,命令如下:

npm install -g @vue/cli

創建Vue2項目,名為vue-axios

vue create vue-axios

選擇Manually select features進行創建,回車

目前只勾選Router,回車

選擇2.x,回車

選擇如下,回車,等待下載依賴

下載完成後,進入到項目內

cd vue-axios

安裝axios庫

npm install axios --save

安裝Element UI庫

npm i element-ui -S

在src下新建utils文件夾,將request.js放於src/utils/下,request.js是axios的二次封裝,如下:

import axios from 'axios'
const request = axios.create({

baseURL: 'http://127.0.0.1:666', // 注意!! 這裡是全局統一加上了 後端接口前綴 前綴,後端必須進行跨域配置!
timeout: 5000
})
// request 攔截器
// 可以自請求發送前對請求做一些處理
// 比如統一加token,對請求參數統一加密
request.interceptors.request.use(config => {

config.headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json;charset=utf-8';
// config.headers['token'] = user.token; // 設置請求頭
return config
}, error => {

return Promise.reject(error)
});
// response 攔截器
// 可以在接口響應後統一處理結果
request.interceptors.response.use(
response => {

let res = response.data;
// 如果是返回的文件
if (response.config.responseType === 'blob') {

return res
}
// 兼容服務端返回的字符串數據
if (typeof res === 'string') {

res = res ? JSON.parse(res) : res
}
return res;
},
error => {

console.log('err' + error) // for debug
return Promise.reject(error)
}
)
export default request

修改main.js,進行注冊

import Vue from 'vue'
import App from './App.vue'
import router from './router'
import request from "@/utils/request"
import ElementUI from 'element-ui';
import 'element-ui/lib/theme-chalk/index.css';
// 關閉生產模式下的提示
Vue.config.productionTip = false
// 設置axios為Vue的原型屬性
Vue.prototype.$axios = request
Vue.use(ElementUI);
new Vue({

router,
render: function (h) {
 return h(App) }
}).$mount('#app')

刪除多余的組件,如在src/views和src/components下的vue組件;在src/views新建Home.vue組件:

<template>
<div class="home">
<h1>前後端分離小demo</h1>
<!-- 表格區域 -->
<el-table
:data="table"
stripe
:cell-
:header-cell-
>
<el-table-column prop="id" label="ID" width="100" sortable />
<el-table-column prop="name" label="姓名" />
<el-table-column prop="age" label="年齡" />
<el-table-column prop="sex" label="性別" />
<el-table-column label="操作" width="210">
<template slot="header">
<span class="op">操作</span>
<el-button size="mini" class="add" @click="add" icon="el-icon-plus"
>添加一條記錄</el-button
>
</template>
<template slot-scope="scope">
<el-button
type="info"
size="mini"
@click="handEdit(scope.$index, scope.row)"
icon="el-icon-edit"
round
>編輯</el-button
>
<el-popconfirm
title="確認刪除嗎?"
@confirm="handDelete(scope.$index, scope.row)"
>
<el-button
type="danger"
size="mini"
icon="el-icon-delete"
round
slot="reference"
>刪除</el-button
>
</el-popconfirm>
</template>
</el-table-column>
</el-table>
<!-- 彈出窗 -->
<el-dialog
:title="title"
:visible="dialogVisible"
width="30%"
:before-close="handleClose"
>
<el-form
:model="form"
status-icon
:rules="rules"
ref="form"
label-width="60px"
>
<el-form-item label="姓名" prop="name">
<el-input v-model="form.name" autocomplete="off" />
</el-form-item>
<el-form-item label="年齡" prop="age">
<el-input
type="number"
min="1"
max="99"
v-model="form.age"
autocomplete="off"
/>
</el-form-item>
<el-form-item label="性別" prop="sex">
<el-radio-group v-model="form.sex">
<el-radio label="男"></el-radio>
<el-radio label="女"></el-radio>
<el-radio label="未知"></el-radio>
</el-radio-group>
</el-form-item>
</el-form>
<span slot="footer" class="dialog-footer">
<el-button @click="reset">重置</el-button>
<el-button type="primary" @click="save">確 定</el-button>
</span>
</el-dialog>
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
name: 'Home',
data() {
// 自定義驗證規則
var validateAge = (rule, value, callback) => {
if (value === '' || value === undefined) {
callback(new Error('請輸入年齡'))
} else if (isNaN(value)) {
callback(new Error('請輸入數字'))
} else if (value < 1 || value > 100) {
callback(new Error('年齡必須在1~100之間'))
} else {
callback()
}
}
return {
table: [],
dialogVisible: false,
title: '',
form: {},
rules: {
name: [{ required: true, message: '請輸入姓名', trigger: 'blur' }],
age: [{ required: true, validator: validateAge, trigger: 'blur' }],
sex: [{ required: true, message: '請選擇性別', trigger: 'blur' }],
}
}
},
created() {
this.init()
},
methods: {
init() {
this.$axios.get('/all').then(res => {
console.log(res);
this.table = res.data
})
},
add() {
this.dialogVisible = true
this.title = '添加記錄'
this.form = {}
},
handEdit(index, row) {
this.dialogVisible = true
this.title = '編輯記錄'
this.form = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(row))
},
handDelete(index, row) {
let id = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(row)).id
this.$axios.delete(`/delete?id=${id}`).then(res => {
if (res.code == 200) {
this.$notify.success({
title: '成功',
message: res.msg,
duration: 2000
})
this.init()
} else {
this.$notify.success({
title: '失敗',
message: res.msg,
duration: 2000
})
}
})
},
handleClose() {
this.dialogVisible = false
this.init()
},
reset() {
let id = undefined
if ('id' in this.form) {
id = this.form.id
}
this.form = {}
if (id != undefined) this.form.id = id
},
save() {
this.$refs['form'].validate(valid => { // 判斷是否通過驗證
if (valid) {
console.log(this.form);
if ('id' in this.form) {
// console.log('修改');
this.$axios.put('/update', this.form).then(res => {
if (res.code == 200) {
let _this = this
this.$notify.success({
title: '成功',
message: res.msg,
duration: 2000,
onClose: function () { _this.handleClose() }
});
} else {
this.$notify.error({
title: '錯誤',
message: res.msg,
duration: 2000
});
}
})
} else {
// console.log('添加');
this.$axios.post('/add', this.form).then(res => {
if (res.code == 200) {
let _this = this
this.$notify.success({
title: '成功',
message: res.msg,
duration: 2000,
onClose: function () { _this.handleClose() }
});
} else {
this.$notify.error({
title: '錯誤',
message: res.msg,
duration: 2000
});
}
})
}
}
})
}
}
}
</script>
<style>
h1 {
text-align: center;
margin: 50px 0;
}
.el-table {
width: 60% !important;
margin: 0 auto;
}
.el-button {
margin: 0 5px;
}
span.op {
display: inline-block;
margin-left: 6px;
}
.el-dialog__body {
padding-bottom: 0;
}
</style>

修改App.vue,如下:

<template>
<div id="app">
<router-view />
</div>
</template>
<style>
/* 引入外部css */
@import "./assets/css/reset.css";
</style>

其中reset.css如下:

* {

margin: 0;
padding: 0;
box-sizing: border-box;
}

修改src/router/index.js如下:

import Vue from 'vue'
import VueRouter from 'vue-router'
Vue.use(VueRouter)
const routes = [
{

path: '/',
name: 'home',
component: () => import('@/views/Home.vue')
},
]
const router = new VueRouter({

mode: 'history',
base: process.env.BASE_URL,
routes
})
export default router

打開終端或cmd,輸入如下命令啟動項目

npm run serve

在浏覽器輸入http://localhost:8080/即可打開首頁,默認查詢全部數據,如下:

添加頁面:

編輯頁面:

刪除頁面:

基本的增刪改查均已實現,全部采用接口請求的方式進行實現,在開發者工具的網絡工具欄下,可以看到前端發送的請求,如下:

以及後端響應數據的預覽結果:

後端

開發環境:PyCharm(推薦)、Visual Studio Code

打開cmd,安裝flask庫,命令如下:

pip install flask

安裝flask_cors庫,命令如下:

pip install flask_cors

安裝pymysql庫,命令如下:

pip install pymysql

創建Python項目,名為python-flask

新建json_response.py,統一json返回格式

# 統一的json返回格式
class JsonResponse(object):
def __init__(self, code, msg, data):
self.code = code
self.msg = msg
self.data = data
# 指定一個類的方法為類方法,通常用self來傳遞當前類的實例--對象,cls傳遞當前類。
@classmethod
def success(cls, code=200, msg='success', data=None):
return cls(code, msg, data)
@classmethod
def fail(cls, code=400, msg='fail', data=None):
return cls(code, msg, data)
def to_dict(self):
return {

"code": self.code,
"msg": self.msg,
"data": self.data
}

新建json_flask.py,使flask支持返回JsonResponse對象

from flask import Flask, jsonify
from json_response import JsonResponse
class JsonFlask(Flask):
def make_response(self, rv):
# 視圖函數可以直接返回: list、dict、None
if rv is None or isinstance(rv, (list, dict)):
rv = JsonResponse.success(rv)
if isinstance(rv, JsonResponse):
rv = jsonify(rv.to_dict())
return super().make_response(rv)

新建config.py,數據庫操作

# 數據庫操作類
import pymysql
DB_CONFIG = {

"host": "127.0.0.1",
"port": 3306,
"user": "root",
"passwd": "123456",
"db": "test",
"charset": "utf8"
}
class SQLManager(object):
# 初始化實例方法
def __init__(self):
self.conn = None
self.cursor = None
self.connect()
# 連接數據庫
def connect(self):
self.conn = pymysql.connect(
host=DB_CONFIG["host"],
port=DB_CONFIG["port"],
user=DB_CONFIG["user"],
passwd=DB_CONFIG["passwd"],
db=DB_CONFIG["db"],
charset=DB_CONFIG["charset"]
)
self.cursor = self.conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
# 查詢多條數據
def get_list(self, sql, args=None):
self.cursor.execute(sql, args)
return self.cursor.fetchall()
# 查詢單條數據
def get_one(self, sql, args=None):
self.cursor.execute(sql, args)
return self.cursor.fetchone()
# 執行單條SQL語句
def modify(self, sql, args=None):
row = self.cursor.execute(sql, args)
self.conn.commit()
return row > 0
# 執行多條SQL語句
def multi_modify(self, sql, args=None):
rows = self.cursor.executemany(sql, args)
self.conn.commit()
return rows > 0
# 關閉數據庫cursor和連接
def close(self):
self.cursor.close()
self.conn.close()

新建app.py,主程序

from flask import request
from flask_cors import *
from json_flask import JsonFlask
from json_response import JsonResponse
from config import *
import json
# 創建視圖應用
app = JsonFlask(__name__)
# 解決跨域
CORS(app, supports_credentials=True)
db = SQLManager()
# 編寫視圖函數,綁定路由
@app.route("/all", methods=["GET"]) # 查詢(全部)
def all():
result = db.get_list(sql='select * from user')
return JsonResponse.success(msg='查詢成功', data=result)
@app.route("/add", methods=["POST"]) # 添加(單個)
def add():
data = json.loads(request.data) # 將json字符串轉為dict
isOk = db.modify(sql='insert into user(name,age,sex) values(%s,%s,%s)',
args=[data['name'], data['age'], data['sex']])
return JsonResponse.success(msg='添加成功') if isOk else JsonResponse.fail(msg='添加失敗')
@app.route("/update", methods=["PUT"]) # 修改(單個)
def update():
data = json.loads(request.data) # 將json字符串轉為dict
if 'id' not in data:
return JsonResponse.fail(msg='需要傳入id')
isOk = db.modify(sql='update user set name=%s,age=%s,sex=%s where id=%s',
args=[data['name'], data['age'], data['sex'], data['id']])
return JsonResponse.success(msg='修改成功') if isOk else JsonResponse.fail(msg='修改失敗')
@app.route("/delete", methods=["DELETE"]) # 刪除(單個)
def delete():
if 'id' not in request.args:
return JsonResponse.fail(msg='需要傳入id')
isOk = db.modify(sql='delete from user where id=%s', args=[request.args['id']])
return JsonResponse.success(msg='刪除成功') if isOk else JsonResponse.fail(msg='刪除失敗')
# 運行flask:默認是5000端口,此處設置端口為666
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=666, debug=True)

啟動項目。

數據庫

采用MySQL,由於是小demo,此處設計較簡單,數據庫名為test,表名為user,表結構和數據SQL語句如下:

SET NAMES utf8mb4;
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;
-- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for user
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `user`;
CREATE TABLE `user` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET gbk COLLATE gbk_chinese_ci NOT NULL,
`age` int(11) NOT NULL,
`sex` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET gbk COLLATE gbk_chinese_ci NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`) USING BTREE
) ENGINE = InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT = 11 CHARACTER SET = gbk COLLATE = gbk_chinese_ci ROW_FORMAT = Compact;
-- ----------------------------
-- Records of user
-- ----------------------------
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (1, 'tom', 20, '男');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (2, 'mary', 20, '女');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (3, 'jack', 21, '男');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (5, 'test', 20, '未知');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (8, 'tom', 20, '男');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (9, 'add', 20, '未知');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (10, 'Saly', 11, '女');
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;

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