程序師世界是廣大編程愛好者互助、分享、學習的平台,程序師世界有你更精彩!
首頁
編程語言
C語言|JAVA編程
Python編程
網頁編程
ASP編程|PHP編程
JSP編程
數據庫知識
MYSQL數據庫|SqlServer數據庫
Oracle數據庫|DB2數據庫
 程式師世界 >> 編程語言 >> JAVA編程 >> 關於JAVA >> Java多線程:“JUC鎖”03之公平鎖(一)

Java多線程:“JUC鎖”03之公平鎖(一)

編輯:關於JAVA

基本概念

本章,我們會講解“線程獲取公平鎖”的原理;在講解之前,需要了解幾個基本概念。後 面的內容,都是基於這些概念的;這些概念可能比較枯燥,但從這些概念中,能窺見“java鎖 ”的一些架構,這對我們了解鎖是有幫助的。

1. AQS        -- 指AbstractQueuedSynchronizer類。

AQS 是java中管理“鎖”的抽象類,鎖的許多公共方法都是在這個類中實現。AQS是獨占鎖(例如, ReentrantLock)和共享鎖(例如,Semaphore)的公共父類。

2. AQS鎖的類別 -- 分為“獨占鎖”和 “共享鎖”兩種。

(01) 獨占鎖 -- 鎖在一個時間點 只能被一個線程鎖占有。根據鎖的獲取機制,它又劃分為“公平鎖”和 “非公平鎖”。公平鎖,是按照通過CLH等待線程按照先來先得的規則,公 平的獲取鎖;而非公平鎖,則當線程要獲取鎖時,它會無視CLH等待隊列而直接獲取鎖。獨占鎖的典型實 例子是ReentrantLock,此外,ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock也是獨占鎖。

(02) 共享 鎖 -- 能被多個線程同時擁有,能被共享的鎖。JUC包中的ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock ,CyclicBarrier, CountDownLatch和Semaphore都是共享鎖。這些鎖的用途和原理,在以後的章節再詳 細介紹。

3. CLH隊列     -- Craig, Landin, and Hagersten lock queue

CLH隊列是AQS中“等待鎖”的線程隊列。在多線程中,為了保護競爭資源不被多個線 程同時操作而起來錯誤,我們常常需要通過鎖來保護這些資源。在獨占鎖中,競爭資源在一個時間點只能 被一個線程鎖訪問;而其它線程則需要等待。CLH就是管理這些“等待鎖”的線程的隊列。

CLH是一個非阻塞的 FIFO 隊列。也就是說往裡面插入或移除一個節點的時候,在並發條件下不會阻塞 ,而是通過自旋鎖和 CAS 保證節點插入和移除的原子性。

4. CAS函數     -- Compare And Swap

CAS函數,是比較並交換函 數,它是原子操作函數;即,通過CAS操作的數據都是以原子方式進行的。例如, compareAndSetHead(), compareAndSetTail(), compareAndSetNext()等函數。它們共同的特點是,這些 函數所執行的動作是以原子的方式進行的。

本章是圍繞“公平鎖”如何獲取鎖而層次展開。“公平鎖”涉及到的知識點比 較多,但總的來說,不是特別難;如果讀者能讀懂AQS和ReentrantLock.java這兩個類的大致意思,理解 鎖的原理和機制也就不成問題了。本章只是作者本人對鎖的一點點理解,希望這部分知識能幫助您了解 “公平鎖”的獲取過程,認識“鎖”的框架。

ReentrantLock數據結構

ReentrantLock的UML類圖

從圖中可以看出:

(01) ReentrantLock實現了Lock接口。

(02) ReentrantLock與sync是組合關系。ReentrantLock中,包含了Sync對象;而且,Sync是AQS的子類; 更重要的是,Sync有兩個子類FairSync(公平鎖)和NonFairSync(非公平鎖)。ReentrantLock是一個獨占鎖 ,至於它到底是公平鎖還是非公平鎖,就取決於sync對象是"FairSync的實例"還是 "NonFairSync的實例"。

參考代碼

下面給出Java1.7.0_40版本中,ReentrantLock和AQS的源碼,僅供參考!

ReentranLock.java

/*
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 */
    
/*
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
 * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
 * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
 */
    
package java.util.concurrent.locks;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;
    
/**
 * A reentrant mutual exclusion {@link Lock} with the same basic
 * behavior and semantics as the implicit monitor lock accessed using
 * {@code synchronized} methods and statements, but with extended
 * capabilities.
 *
 * <p>A {@code ReentrantLock} is <em>owned</em> by the thread last
 * successfully locking, but not yet unlocking it. A thread invoking
 * {@code lock} will return, successfully acquiring the lock, when
 * the lock is not owned by another thread. The method will return
 * immediately if the current thread already owns the lock. This can
 * be checked using methods {@link #isHeldByCurrentThread}, and {@link
 * #getHoldCount}.
 *
 * <p>The constructor for this class accepts an optional
 * <em>fairness</em> parameter.  When set {@code true}, under
 * contention, locks favor granting access to the longest-waiting
 * thread.  Otherwise this lock does not guarantee any particular
 * access order.  Programs using fair locks accessed by many threads
 * may display lower overall throughput (i.e., are slower; often much
 * slower) than those using the default setting, but have smaller
 * variances in times to obtain locks and guarantee lack of
 * starvation. Note however, that fairness of locks does not guarantee
 * fairness of thread scheduling. Thus, one of many threads using a
 * fair lock may obtain it multiple times in succession while other
 * active threads are not progressing and not currently holding the
 * lock.
 * Also note that the untimed {@link #tryLock() tryLock} method does not
 * honor the fairness setting. It will succeed if the lock
 * is available even if other threads are waiting.
 *
 * <p>It is recommended practice to <em>always</em> immediately
 * follow a call to {@code lock} with a {@code try} block, most
 * typically in a before/after construction such as:
 *
 * <pre>
 * class X {
 *   private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
 *   // ...
 *
 *   public void m() {
 *     lock.lock();  // block until condition holds
 *     try {
 *       // ... method body
 *     } finally {
 *       lock.unlock()
 *     }
 *   }
 * }
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>In addition to implementing the {@link Lock} interface, this
 * class defines methods {@code isLocked} and
 * {@code getLockQueueLength}, as well as some associated
 * {@code protected} access methods that may be useful for
 * instrumentation and monitoring.
 *
 * <p>Serialization of this class behaves in the same way as built-in
 * locks: a deserialized lock is in the unlocked state, regardless of
 * its state when serialized.
 *
 * <p>This lock supports a maximum of 2147483647 recursive locks by
 * the same thread. Attempts to exceed this limit result in
 * {@link Error} throws from locking methods.
 *
 * @since 1.5
 * @author Doug Lea
 */
public class ReentrantLock implements Lock, java.io.Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 7373984872572414699L;
    /** Synchronizer providing all implementation mechanics */
    private final Sync sync;
    
    /**
     * Base of synchronization control for this lock. Subclassed
     * into fair and nonfair versions below. Uses AQS state to
     * represent the number of holds on the lock.
     */
    abstract static class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -5179523762034025860L;
    
        /**
         * Performs {@link Lock#lock}. The main reason for subclassing
         * is to allow fast path for nonfair version.
         */
        abstract void lock();
    
        /**
         * Performs non-fair tryLock.  tryAcquire is
         * implemented in subclasses, but both need nonfair
         * try for trylock method.
         */
        final boolean nonfairTryAcquire(int acquires) {
            final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
            int c = getState();
            if (c == 0) {
                if (compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
                    setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
                    return true;
                }
            }
            else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
                int nextc = c + acquires;
                if (nextc < 0) // overflow
                    throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
                setState(nextc);
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
    
        protected final boolean tryRelease(int releases) {
            int c = getState() - releases;
            if (Thread.currentThread() != getExclusiveOwnerThread())
                throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
            boolean free = false;
            if (c == 0) {
                free = true;
                setExclusiveOwnerThread(null);
            }
            setState(c);
            return free;
        }
    
        protected final boolean isHeldExclusively() {
            // While we must in general read state before owner,
            // we don't need to do so to check if current thread is owner
            return getExclusiveOwnerThread() == Thread.currentThread();
        }
    
        final ConditionObject newCondition() {
            return new ConditionObject();
        }
    
        // Methods relayed from outer class
    
        final Thread getOwner() {
            return getState() == 0 ? null : getExclusiveOwnerThread();
        }
    
        final int getHoldCount() {
            return isHeldExclusively() ? getState() : 0;
        }
    
        final boolean isLocked() {
            return getState() != 0;
        }
    
        /**
         * Reconstitutes this lock instance from a stream.
         * @param s the stream
         */
        private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
            throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
            s.defaultReadObject();
            setState(0); // reset to unlocked state
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Sync object for non-fair locks
     */
    static final class NonfairSync extends Sync {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 7316153563782823691L;
    
        /**
         * Performs lock.  Try immediate barge, backing up to normal
         * acquire on failure.
         */
        final void lock() {
            if (compareAndSetState(0, 1))
                setExclusiveOwnerThread(Thread.currentThread());
            else
                acquire(1);
        }
    
        protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
            return nonfairTryAcquire(acquires);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Sync object for fair locks
     */
    static final class FairSync extends Sync {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -3000897897090466540L;
    
        final void lock() {
            acquire(1);
        }
    
        /**
         * Fair version of tryAcquire.  Don't grant access unless
         * recursive call or no waiters or is first.
         */
        protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
            final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
            int c = getState();
            if (c == 0) {
                if (!hasQueuedPredecessors() &&
                    compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
                    setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
                    return true;
                }
            }
            else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
                int nextc = c + acquires;
                if (nextc < 0)
                    throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
                setState(nextc);
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock}.
     * This is equivalent to using {@code ReentrantLock(false)}.
     */
    public ReentrantLock() {
        sync = new NonfairSync();
    }
    
    /**
     * Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock} with the
     * given fairness policy.
     *
     * @param fair {@code true} if this lock should use a fair ordering policy
     */
    public ReentrantLock(boolean fair) {
        sync = fair ? new FairSync() : new NonfairSync();
    }
    
    /**
     * Acquires the lock.
     *
     * <p>Acquires the lock if it is not held by another thread and returns
     * immediately, setting the lock hold count to one.
     *
     * <p>If the current thread already holds the lock then the hold
     * count is incremented by one and the method returns immediately.
     *
     * <p>If the lock is held by another thread then the
     * current thread becomes disabled for thread scheduling
     * purposes and lies dormant until the lock has been acquired,
     * at which time the lock hold count is set to one.
     */
    public void lock() {
        sync.lock();
    }
    
    /**
     * Acquires the lock unless the current thread is
     * {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted}.
     *
     * <p>Acquires the lock if it is not held by another thread and returns
     * immediately, setting the lock hold count to one.
     *
     * <p>If the current thread already holds this lock then the hold count
     * is incremented by one and the method returns immediately.
     *
     * <p>If the lock is held by another thread then the
     * current thread becomes disabled for thread scheduling
     * purposes and lies dormant until one of two things happens:
     *
     * <ul>
     *
     * <li>The lock is acquired by the current thread; or
     *
     * <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts} the
     * current thread.
     *
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>If the lock is acquired by the current thread then the lock hold
     * count is set to one.
     *
     * <p>If the current thread:
     *
     * <ul>
     *
     * <li>has its interrupted status set on entry to this method; or
     *
     * <li>is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted} while acquiring
     * the lock,
     *
     * </ul>
     *
     * then {@link InterruptedException} is thrown and the current thread's
     * interrupted status is cleared.
     *
     * <p>In this implementation, as this method is an explicit
     * interruption point, preference is given to responding to the
     * interrupt over normal or reentrant acquisition of the lock.
     *
     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread is interrupted
     */
    public void lockInterruptibly() throws InterruptedException {
        sync.acquireInterruptibly(1);
    }
    
    /**
     * Acquires the lock only if it is not held by another thread at the time
     * of invocation.
     *
     * <p>Acquires the lock if it is not held by another thread and
     * returns immediately with the value {@code true}, setting the
     * lock hold count to one. Even when this lock has been set to use a
     * fair ordering policy, a call to {@code tryLock()} <em>will</em>
     * immediately acquire the lock if it is available, whether or not
     * other threads are currently waiting for the lock.
     * This &quot;barging&quot; behavior can be useful in certain
     * circumstances, even though it breaks fairness. If you want to honor
     * the fairness setting for this lock, then use
     * {@link #tryLock(long, TimeUnit) tryLock(0, TimeUnit.SECONDS) }
     * which is almost equivalent (it also detects interruption).
     *
     * <p> If the current thread already holds this lock then the hold
     * count is incremented by one and the method returns {@code true}.
     *
     * <p>If the lock is held by another thread then this method will return
     * immediately with the value {@code false}.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if the lock was free and was acquired by the
     *         current thread, or the lock was already held by the current
     *         thread; and {@code false} otherwise
     */
    public boolean tryLock() {
        return sync.nonfairTryAcquire(1);
    }
    
    /**
     * Acquires the lock if it is not held by another thread within the given
     * waiting time and the current thread has not been
     * {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted}.
     *
     * <p>Acquires the lock if it is not held by another thread and returns
     * immediately with the value {@code true}, setting the lock hold count
     * to one. If this lock has been set to use a fair ordering policy then
     * an available lock <em>will not</em> be acquired if any other threads
     * are waiting for the lock. This is in contrast to the {@link #tryLock()}
     * method. If you want a timed {@code tryLock} that does permit barging on
     * a fair lock then combine the timed and un-timed forms together:
     *
     * <pre>if (lock.tryLock() || lock.tryLock(timeout, unit) ) { ... }
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>If the current thread
     * already holds this lock then the hold count is incremented by one and
     * the method returns {@code true}.
     *
     * <p>If the lock is held by another thread then the
     * current thread becomes disabled for thread scheduling
     * purposes and lies dormant until one of three things happens:
     *
     * <ul>
     *
     * <li>The lock is acquired by the current thread; or
     *
     * <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts}
     * the current thread; or
     *
     * <li>The specified waiting time elapses
     *
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>If the lock is acquired then the value {@code true} is returned and
     * the lock hold count is set to one.
     *
     * <p>If the current thread:
     *
     * <ul>
     *
     * <li>has its interrupted status set on entry to this method; or
     *
     * <li>is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted} while
     * acquiring the lock,
     *
     * </ul>
     * then {@link InterruptedException} is thrown and the current thread's
     * interrupted status is cleared.
     *
     * <p>If the specified waiting time elapses then the value {@code false}
     * is returned.  If the time is less than or equal to zero, the method
     * will not wait at all.
     *
     * <p>In this implementation, as this method is an explicit
     * interruption point, preference is given to responding to the
     * interrupt over normal or reentrant acquisition of the lock, and
     * over reporting the elapse of the waiting time.
     *
     * @param timeout the time to wait for the lock
     * @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument
     * @return {@code true} if the lock was free and was acquired by the
     *         current thread, or the lock was already held by the current
     *         thread; and {@code false} if the waiting time elapsed before
     *         the lock could be acquired
     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread is interrupted
     * @throws NullPointerException if the time unit is null
     *
     */
    public boolean tryLock(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
            throws InterruptedException {
        return sync.tryAcquireNanos(1, unit.toNanos(timeout));
    }
    
    /**
     * Attempts to release this lock.
     *
     * <p>If the current thread is the holder of this lock then the hold
     * count is decremented.  If the hold count is now zero then the lock
     * is released.  If the current thread is not the holder of this
     * lock then {@link IllegalMonitorStateException} is thrown.
     *
     * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if the current thread does not
     *         hold this lock
     */
    public void unlock() {
        sync.release(1);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a {@link Condition} instance for use with this
     * {@link Lock} instance.
     *
     * <p>The returned {@link Condition} instance supports the same
     * usages as do the {@link Object} monitor methods ({@link
     * Object#wait() wait}, {@link Object#notify notify}, and {@link
     * Object#notifyAll notifyAll}) when used with the built-in
     * monitor lock.
     *
     * <ul>
     *
     * <li>If this lock is not held when any of the {@link Condition}
     * {@linkplain Condition#await() waiting} or {@linkplain
     * Condition#signal signalling} methods are called, then an {@link
     * IllegalMonitorStateException} is thrown.
     *
     * <li>When the condition {@linkplain Condition#await() waiting}
     * methods are called the lock is released and, before they
     * return, the lock is reacquired and the lock hold count restored
     * to what it was when the method was called.
     *
     * <li>If a thread is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted}
     * while waiting then the wait will terminate, an {@link
     * InterruptedException} will be thrown, and the thread's
     * interrupted status will be cleared.
     *
     * <li> Waiting threads are signalled in FIFO order.
     *
     * <li>The ordering of lock reacquisition for threads returning
     * from waiting methods is the same as for threads initially
     * acquiring the lock, which is in the default case not specified,
     * but for <em>fair</em> locks favors those threads that have been
     * waiting the longest.
     *
     * </ul>
     *
     * @return the Condition object
     */
    public Condition newCondition() {
        return sync.newCondition();
    }
    
    /**
     * Queries the number of holds on this lock by the current thread.
     *
     * <p>A thread has a hold on a lock for each lock action that is not
     * matched by an unlock action.
     *
     * <p>The hold count information is typically only used for testing and
     * debugging purposes. For example, if a certain section of code should
     * not be entered with the lock already held then we can assert that
     * fact:
     *
     * <pre>
     * class X {
     *   ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
     *   // ...
     *   public void m() {
     *     assert lock.getHoldCount() == 0;
     *     lock.lock();
     *     try {
     *       // ... method body
     *     } finally {
     *       lock.unlock();
     *     }
     *   }
     * }
     * </pre>
     *
     * @return the number of holds on this lock by the current thread,
     *         or zero if this lock is not held by the current thread
     */
    public int getHoldCount() {
        return sync.getHoldCount();
    }
    
    /**
     * Queries if this lock is held by the current thread.
     *
     * <p>Analogous to the {@link Thread#holdsLock} method for built-in
     * monitor locks, this method is typically used for debugging and
     * testing. For example, a method that should only be called while
     * a lock is held can assert that this is the case:
     *
     * <pre>
     * class X {
     *   ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
     *   // ...
     *
     *   public void m() {
     *       assert lock.isHeldByCurrentThread();
     *       // ... method body
     *   }
     * }
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>It can also be used to ensure that a reentrant lock is used
     * in a non-reentrant manner, for example:
     *
     * <pre>
     * class X {
     *   ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
     *   // ...
     *
     *   public void m() {
     *       assert !lock.isHeldByCurrentThread();
     *       lock.lock();
     *       try {
     *           // ... method body
     *       } finally {
     *           lock.unlock();
     *       }
     *   }
     * }
     * </pre>
     *
     * @return {@code true} if current thread holds this lock and
     *         {@code false} otherwise
     */
    public boolean isHeldByCurrentThread() {
        return sync.isHeldExclusively();
    }
    
    /**
     * Queries if this lock is held by any thread. This method is
     * designed for use in monitoring of the system state,
     * not for synchronization control.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if any thread holds this lock and
     *         {@code false} otherwise
     */
    public boolean isLocked() {
        return sync.isLocked();
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if this lock has fairness set true.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if this lock has fairness set true
     */
    public final boolean isFair() {
        return sync instanceof FairSync;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns the thread that currently owns this lock, or
     * {@code null} if not owned. When this method is called by a
     * thread that is not the owner, the return value reflects a
     * best-effort approximation of current lock status. For example,
     * the owner may be momentarily {@code null} even if there are
     * threads trying to acquire the lock but have not yet done so.
     * This method is designed to facilitate construction of
     * subclasses that provide more extensive lock monitoring
     * facilities.
     *
     * @return the owner, or {@code null} if not owned
     */
    protected Thread getOwner() {
        return sync.getOwner();
    }
    
    /**
     * Queries whether any threads are waiting to acquire this lock. Note that
     * because cancellations may occur at any time, a {@code true}
     * return does not guarantee that any other thread will ever
     * acquire this lock.  This method is designed primarily for use in
     * monitoring of the system state.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if there may be other threads waiting to
     *         acquire the lock
     */
    public final boolean hasQueuedThreads() {
        return sync.hasQueuedThreads();
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Queries whether the given thread is waiting to acquire this
     * lock. Note that because cancellations may occur at any time, a
     * {@code true} return does not guarantee that this thread
     * will ever acquire this lock.  This method is designed primarily for use
     * in monitoring of the system state.
     *
     * @param thread the thread
     * @return {@code true} if the given thread is queued waiting for this lock
     * @throws NullPointerException if the thread is null
     */
    public final boolean hasQueuedThread(Thread thread) {
        return sync.isQueued(thread);
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Returns an estimate of the number of threads waiting to
     * acquire this lock.  The value is only an estimate because the number of
     * threads may change dynamically while this method traverses
     * internal data structures.  This method is designed for use in
     * monitoring of the system state, not for synchronization
     * control.
     *
     * @return the estimated number of threads waiting for this lock
     */
    public final int getQueueLength() {
        return sync.getQueueLength();
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a collection containing threads that may be waiting to
     * acquire this lock.  Because the actual set of threads may change
     * dynamically while constructing this result, the returned
     * collection is only a best-effort estimate.  The elements of the
     * returned collection are in no particular order.  This method is
     * designed to facilitate construction of subclasses that provide
     * more extensive monitoring facilities.
     *
     * @return the collection of threads
     */
    protected Collection<Thread> getQueuedThreads() {
        return sync.getQueuedThreads();
    }
    
    /**
     * Queries whether any threads are waiting on the given condition
     * associated with this lock. Note that because timeouts and
     * interrupts may occur at any time, a {@code true} return does
     * not guarantee that a future {@code signal} will awaken any
     * threads.  This method is designed primarily for use in
     * monitoring of the system state.
     *
     * @param condition the condition
     * @return {@code true} if there are any waiting threads
     * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if this lock is not held
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the given condition is
     *         not associated with this lock
     * @throws NullPointerException if the condition is null
     */
    public boolean hasWaiters(Condition condition) {
        if (condition == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (!(condition instanceof AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.ConditionObject))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("not owner");
        return sync.hasWaiters((AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.ConditionObject)condition);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an estimate of the number of threads waiting on the
     * given condition associated with this lock. Note that because
     * timeouts and interrupts may occur at any time, the estimate
     * serves only as an upper bound on the actual number of waiters.
     * This method is designed for use in monitoring of the system
     * state, not for synchronization control.
     *
     * @param condition the condition
     * @return the estimated number of waiting threads
     * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if this lock is not held
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the given condition is
     *         not associated with this lock
     * @throws NullPointerException if the condition is null
     */
    public int getWaitQueueLength(Condition condition) {
        if (condition == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (!(condition instanceof AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.ConditionObject))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("not owner");
        return sync.getWaitQueueLength((AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.ConditionObject)

condition);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a collection containing those threads that may be
     * waiting on the given condition associated with this lock.
     * Because the actual set of threads may change dynamically while
     * constructing this result, the returned collection is only a
     * best-effort estimate. The elements of the returned collection
     * are in no particular order.  This method is designed to
     * facilitate construction of subclasses that provide more
     * extensive condition monitoring facilities.
     *
     * @param condition the condition
     * @return the collection of threads
     * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if this lock is not held
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the given condition is
     *         not associated with this lock
     * @throws NullPointerException if the condition is null
     */
    protected Collection<Thread> getWaitingThreads(Condition condition) {
        if (condition == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (!(condition instanceof AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.ConditionObject))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("not owner");
        return sync.getWaitingThreads((AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.ConditionObject)

condition);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a string identifying this lock, as well as its lock state.
     * The state, in brackets, includes either the String {@code "Unlocked"}
     * or the String {@code "Locked by"} followed by the
     * {@linkplain Thread#getName name} of the owning thread.
     *
     * @return a string identifying this lock, as well as its lock state
     */
    public String toString() {
        Thread o = sync.getOwner();
        return super.toString() + ((o == null) ?
                                   "[Unlocked]" :
                                   "[Locked by thread " + o.getName() + "]

");
    }
}

AQS(AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.java)

/*
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 */
    
/*
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
 * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
 * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
 */
    
package java.util.concurrent.locks;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;
import sun.misc.Unsafe;
    
/**
 * Provides a framework for implementing blocking locks and related
 * synchronizers (semaphores, events, etc) that rely on
 * first-in-first-out (FIFO) wait queues.  This class is designed to
 * be a useful basis for most kinds of synchronizers that rely on a
 * single atomic <tt>int</tt> value to represent state. Subclasses
 * must define the protected methods that change this state, and which
 * define what that state means in terms of this object being acquired
 * or released.  Given these, the other methods in this class carry
 * out all queuing and blocking mechanics. Subclasses can maintain
 * other state fields, but only the atomically updated <tt>int</tt>
 * value manipulated using methods {@link #getState}, {@link
 * #setState} and {@link #compareAndSetState} is tracked with respect
 * to synchronization.
 *
 * <p>Subclasses should be defined as non-public internal helper
 * classes that are used to implement the synchronization properties
 * of their enclosing class.  Class
 * <tt>AbstractQueuedSynchronizer</tt> does not implement any
 * synchronization interface.  Instead it defines methods such as
 * {@link #acquireInterruptibly} that can be invoked as
 * appropriate by concrete locks and related synchronizers to
 * implement their public methods.
 *
 * <p>This class supports either or both a default <em>exclusive</em>
 * mode and a <em>shared</em> mode. When acquired in exclusive mode,
 * attempted acquires by other threads cannot succeed. Shared mode
 * acquires by multiple threads may (but need not) succeed. This class
 * does not &quot;understand&quot; these differences except in the
 * mechanical sense that when a shared mode acquire succeeds, the next
 * waiting thread (if one exists) must also determine whether it can
 * acquire as well. Threads waiting in the different modes share the
 * same FIFO queue. Usually, implementation subclasses support only
 * one of these modes, but both can come into play for example in a
 * {@link ReadWriteLock}. Subclasses that support only exclusive or
 * only shared modes need not define the methods supporting the unused mode.
 *
 * <p>This class defines a nested {@link ConditionObject} class that
 * can be used as a {@link Condition} implementation by subclasses
 * supporting exclusive mode for which method {@link
 * #isHeldExclusively} reports whether synchronization is exclusively
 * held with respect to the current thread, method {@link #release}
 * invoked with the current {@link #getState} value fully releases
 * this object, and {@link #acquire}, given this saved state value,
 * eventually restores this object to its previous acquired state.  No
 * <tt>AbstractQueuedSynchronizer</tt> method otherwise creates such a
 * condition, so if this constraint cannot be met, do not use it.  The
 * behavior of {@link ConditionObject} depends of course on the
 * semantics of its synchronizer implementation.
 *
 * <p>This class provides inspection, instrumentation, and monitoring
 * methods for the internal queue, as well as similar methods for
 * condition objects. These can be exported as desired into classes
 * using an <tt>AbstractQueuedSynchronizer</tt> for their
 * synchronization mechanics.
 *
 * <p>Serialization of this class stores only the underlying atomic
 * integer maintaining state, so deserialized objects have empty
 * thread queues. Typical subclasses requiring serializability will
 * define a <tt>readObject</tt> method that restores this to a known
 * initial state upon deserialization.
 *
 * <h3>Usage</h3>
 *
 * <p>To use this class as the basis of a synchronizer, redefine the
 * following methods, as applicable, by inspecting and/or modifying
 * the synchronization state using {@link #getState}, {@link
 * #setState} and/or {@link #compareAndSetState}:
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li> {@link #tryAcquire}
 * <li> {@link #tryRelease}
 * <li> {@link #tryAcquireShared}
 * <li> {@link #tryReleaseShared}
 * <li> {@link #isHeldExclusively}
 *</ul>
 *
 * Each of these methods by default throws {@link
 * UnsupportedOperationException}.  Implementations of these methods
 * must be internally thread-safe, and should in general be short and
 * not block. Defining these methods is the <em>only</em> supported
 * means of using this class. All other methods are declared
 * <tt>final</tt> because they cannot be independently varied.
 *
 * <p>You may also find the inherited methods from {@link
 * AbstractOwnableSynchronizer} useful to keep track of the thread
 * owning an exclusive synchronizer.  You are encouraged to use them
 * -- this enables monitoring and diagnostic tools to assist users in
 * determining which threads hold locks.
 *
 * <p>Even though this class is based on an internal FIFO queue, it
 * does not automatically enforce FIFO acquisition policies.  The core
 * of exclusive synchronization takes the form:
 *
 * <pre>
 * Acquire:
 *     while (!tryAcquire(arg)) {
 *        <em>enqueue thread if it is not already queued</em>;
 *        <em>possibly block current thread</em>;
 *     }
 *
 * Release:
 *     if (tryRelease(arg))
 *        <em>unblock the first queued thread</em>;
 * </pre>
 *
 * (Shared mode is similar but may involve cascading signals.)
 *
 * <p><a name="barging">Because checks in acquire are invoked before
 * enqueuing, a newly acquiring thread may <em>barge</em> ahead of
 * others that are blocked and queued.  However, you can, if desired,
 * define <tt>tryAcquire</tt> and/or <tt>tryAcquireShared</tt> to
 * disable barging by internally invoking one or more of the inspection
 * methods, thereby providing a <em>fair</em> FIFO acquisition order.
 * In particular, most fair synchronizers can define <tt>tryAcquire</tt>
 * to return <tt>false</tt> if {@link #hasQueuedPredecessors} (a method
 * specifically designed to be used by fair synchronizers) returns
 * <tt>true</tt>.  Other variations are possible.
 *
 * <p>Throughput and scalability are generally highest for the
 * default barging (also known as <em>greedy</em>,
 * <em>renouncement</em>, and <em>convoy-avoidance</em>) strategy.
 * While this is not guaranteed to be fair or starvation-free, earlier
 * queued threads are allowed to recontend before later queued
 * threads, and each recontention has an unbiased chance to succeed
 * against incoming threads.  Also, while acquires do not
 * &quot;spin&quot; in the usual sense, they may perform multiple
 * invocations of <tt>tryAcquire</tt> interspersed with other
 * computations before blocking.  This gives most of the benefits of
 * spins when exclusive synchronization is only briefly held, without
 * most of the liabilities when it isn't. If so desired, you can
 * augment this by preceding calls to acquire methods with
 * "fast-path" checks, possibly prechecking {@link #hasContended}
 * and/or {@link #hasQueuedThreads} to only do so if the synchronizer
 * is likely not to be contended.
 *
 * <p>This class provides an efficient and scalable basis for
 * synchronization in part by specializing its range of use to
 * synchronizers that can rely on <tt>int</tt> state, acquire, and
 * release parameters, and an internal FIFO wait queue. When this does
 * not suffice, you can build synchronizers from a lower level using
 * {@link java.util.concurrent.atomic atomic} classes, your own custom
 * {@link java.util.Queue} classes, and {@link LockSupport} blocking
 * support.
 *
 * <h3>Usage Examples</h3>
 *
 * <p>Here is a non-reentrant mutual exclusion lock class that uses
 * the value zero to represent the unlocked state, and one to
 * represent the locked state. While a non-reentrant lock
 * does not strictly require recording of the current owner
 * thread, this class does so anyway to make usage easier to monitor.
 * It also supports conditions and exposes
 * one of the instrumentation methods:
 *
 * <pre>
 * class Mutex implements Lock, java.io.Serializable {
 *
 *   // Our internal helper class
 *   private static class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
 *     // Report whether in locked state
 *     protected boolean isHeldExclusively() {
 *       return getState() == 1;
 *     }
 *
 *     // Acquire the lock if state is zero
 *     public boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
 *       assert acquires == 1; // Otherwise unused
 *       if (compareAndSetState(0, 1)) {
 *         setExclusiveOwnerThread(Thread.currentThread());
 *         return true;
 *       }
 *       return false;
 *     }
 *
 *     // Release the lock by setting state to zero
 *     protected boolean tryRelease(int releases) {
 *       assert releases == 1; // Otherwise unused
 *       if (getState() == 0) throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
 *       setExclusiveOwnerThread(null);
 *       setState(0);
 *       return true;
 *     }
 *
 *     // Provide a Condition
 *     Condition newCondition() { return new ConditionObject(); }
 *
 *     // Deserialize properly
 *     private void readObject(ObjectInputStream s)
 *         throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
 *       s.defaultReadObject();
 *       setState(0); // reset to unlocked state
 *     }
 *   }
 *
 *   // The sync object does all the hard work. We just forward to it.
 *   private final Sync sync = new Sync();
 *
 *   public void lock()                { sync.acquire(1); }
 *   public boolean tryLock()          { return sync.tryAcquire(1); }
 *   public void unlock()              { sync.release(1); }
 *   public Condition newCondition()   { return sync.newCondition(); }
 *   public boolean isLocked()         { return sync.isHeldExclusively(); }
 *   public boolean hasQueuedThreads() { return sync.hasQueuedThreads(); }
 *   public void lockInterruptibly() throws InterruptedException {
 *     sync.acquireInterruptibly(1);
 *   }
 *   public boolean tryLock(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
 *       throws InterruptedException {
 *     return sync.tryAcquireNanos(1, unit.toNanos(timeout));
 *   }
 * }
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>Here is a latch class that is like a {@link CountDownLatch}
 * except that it only requires a single <tt>signal</tt> to
 * fire. Because a latch is non-exclusive, it uses the <tt>shared</tt>
 * acquire and release methods.
 *
 * <pre>
 * class BooleanLatch {
 *
 *   private static class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
 *     boolean isSignalled() { return getState() != 0; }
 *
 *     protected int tryAcquireShared(int ignore) {
 *       return isSignalled() ? 1 : -1;
 *     }
 *
 *     protected boolean tryReleaseShared(int ignore) {
 *       setState(1);
 *       return true;
 *     }
 *   }
 *
 *   private final Sync sync = new Sync();
 *   public boolean isSignalled() { return sync.isSignalled(); }
 *   public void signal()         { sync.releaseShared(1); }
 *   public void await() throws InterruptedException {
 *     sync.acquireSharedInterruptibly(1);
 *   }
 * }
 * </pre>
 *
 * @since 1.5
 * @author Doug Lea
 */
public abstract class AbstractQueuedSynchronizer
    extends AbstractOwnableSynchronizer
    implements java.io.Serializable {
    
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 7373984972572414691L;
    
    /**
     * Creates a new <tt>AbstractQueuedSynchronizer</tt> instance
     * with initial synchronization state of zero.
     */
    protected AbstractQueuedSynchronizer() { }
    
    /**
     * Wait queue node class.
     *
     * <p>The wait queue is a variant of a "CLH" (Craig, Landin, and
     * Hagersten) lock queue. CLH locks are normally used for
     * spinlocks.  We instead use them for blocking synchronizers, but
     * use the same basic tactic of holding some of the control
     * information about a thread in the predecessor of its node.  A
     * "status" field in each node keeps track of whether a thread
     * should block.  A node is signalled when its predecessor
     * releases.  Each node of the queue otherwise serves as a
     * specific-notification-style monitor holding a single waiting
     * thread. The status field does NOT control whether threads are
     * granted locks etc though.  A thread may try to acquire if it is
     * first in the queue. But being first does not guarantee success;
     * it only gives the right to contend.  So the currently released
     * contender thread may need to rewait.
     *
     * <p>To enqueue into a CLH lock, you atomically splice it in as new
     * tail. To dequeue, you just set the head field.
     * <pre>
     *      +------+  prev +-----+       +-----+
     * head |      | <---- |     | <---- |     |  tail
     *      +------+       +-----+       +-----+
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>Insertion into a CLH queue requires only a single atomic
     * operation on "tail", so there is a simple atomic point of
     * demarcation from unqueued to queued. Similarly, dequeing
     * involves only updating the "head". However, it takes a bit
     * more work for nodes to determine who their successors are,
     * in part to deal with possible cancellation due to timeouts
     * and interrupts.
     *
     * <p>The "prev" links (not used in original CLH locks), are mainly
     * needed to handle cancellation. If a node is cancelled, its
     * successor is (normally) relinked to a non-cancelled
     * predecessor. For explanation of similar mechanics in the case
     * of spin locks, see the papers by Scott and Scherer at
     * http://www.cs.rochester.edu/u/scott/synchronization/
     *
     * <p>We also use "next" links to implement blocking mechanics.
     * The thread id for each node is kept in its own node, so a
     * predecessor signals the next node to wake up by traversing
     * next link to determine which thread it is.  Determination of
     * successor must avoid races with newly queued nodes to set
     * the "next" fields of their predecessors.  This is solved
     * when necessary by checking backwards from the atomically
     * updated "tail" when a node's successor appears to be null.
     * (Or, said differently, the next-links are an optimization
     * so that we don't usually need a backward scan.)
     *
     * <p>Cancellation introduces some conservatism to the basic
     * algorithms.  Since we must poll for cancellation of other
     * nodes, we can miss noticing whether a cancelled node is
     * ahead or behind us. This is dealt with by always unparking
     * successors upon cancellation, allowing them to stabilize on
     * a new predecessor, unless we can identify an uncancelled
     * predecessor who will carry this responsibility.
     *
     * <p>CLH queues need a dummy header node to get started. But
     * we don't create them on construction, because it would be wasted
     * effort if there is never contention. Instead, the node
     * is constructed and head and tail pointers are set upon first
     * contention.
     *
     * <p>Threads waiting on Conditions use the same nodes, but
     * use an additional link. Conditions only need to link nodes
     * in simple (non-concurrent) linked queues because they are
     * only accessed when exclusively held.  Upon await, a node is
     * inserted into a condition queue.  Upon signal, the node is
     * transferred to the main queue.  A special value of status
     * field is used to mark which queue a node is on.
     *
     * <p>Thanks go to Dave Dice, Mark Moir, Victor Luchangco, Bill
     * Scherer and Michael Scott, along with members of JSR-166
     * expert group, for helpful ideas, discussions, and critiques
     * on the design of this class.
     */
    static final class Node {
        /** Marker to indicate a node is waiting in shared mode */
        static final Node SHARED = new Node();
        /** Marker to indicate a node is waiting in exclusive mode */
        static final Node EXCLUSIVE = null;
    
        /** waitStatus value to indicate thread has cancelled */
        static final int CANCELLED =  1;
        /** waitStatus value to indicate successor's thread needs unparking */
        static final int SIGNAL    = -1;
        /** waitStatus value to indicate thread is waiting on condition */
        static final int CONDITION = -2;
        /**
         * waitStatus value to indicate the next acquireShared should
         * unconditionally propagate
         */
        static final int PROPAGATE = -3;
    
        /**
         * Status field, taking on only the values:
         *   SIGNAL:     The successor of this node is (or will soon be)
         *               blocked (via park), so the current node must
         *               unpark its successor when it releases or
         *               cancels. To avoid races, acquire methods must
         *               first indicate they need a signal,
         *               then retry the atomic acquire, and then,
         *               on failure, block.
         *   CANCELLED:  This node is cancelled due to timeout or interrupt.
         *               Nodes never leave this state. In particular,
         *               a thread with cancelled node never again blocks.
         *   CONDITION:  This node is currently on a condition queue.
         *               It will not be used as a sync queue node
         *               until transferred, at which time the status
         *               will be set to 0. (Use of this value here has
         *               nothing to do with the other uses of the
         *               field, but simplifies mechanics.)
         *   PROPAGATE:  A releaseShared should be propagated to other
         *               nodes. This is set (for head node only) in
         *               doReleaseShared to ensure propagation
         *               continues, even if other operations have
         *               since intervened.
         *   0:          None of the above
         *
         * The values are arranged numerically to simplify use.
         * Non-negative values mean that a node doesn't need to
         * signal. So, most code doesn't need to check for particular
         * values, just for sign.
         *
         * The field is initialized to 0 for normal sync nodes, and
         * CONDITION for condition nodes.  It is modified using CAS
         * (or when possible, unconditional volatile writes).
         */
        volatile int waitStatus;
    
        /**
         * Link to predecessor node that current node/thread relies on
         * for checking waitStatus. Assigned during enqueing, and nulled
         * out (for sake of GC) only upon dequeuing.  Also, upon
         * cancellation of a predecessor, we short-circuit while
         * finding a non-cancelled one, which will always exist
         * because the head node is never cancelled: A node becomes
         * head only as a result of successful acquire. A
         * cancelled thread never succeeds in acquiring, and a thread only
         * cancels itself, not any other node.
         */
        volatile Node prev;
    
        /**
         * Link to the successor node that the current node/thread
         * unparks upon release. Assigned during enqueuing, adjusted
         * when bypassing cancelled predecessors, and nulled out (for
         * sake of GC) when dequeued.  The enq operation does not
         * assign next field of a predecessor until after attachment,
         * so seeing a null next field does not necessarily mean that
         * node is at end of queue. However, if a next field appears
         * to be null, we can scan prev's from the tail to
         * double-check.  The next field of cancelled nodes is set to
         * point to the node itself instead of null, to make life
         * easier for isOnSyncQueue.
         */
        volatile Node next;
    
        /**
         * The thread that enqueued this node.  Initialized on
         * construction and nulled out after use.
         */
        volatile Thread thread;
    
        /**
         * Link to next node waiting on condition, or the special
         * value SHARED.  Because condition queues are accessed only
         * when holding in exclusive mode, we just need a simple
         * linked queue to hold nodes while they are waiting on
         * conditions. They are then transferred to the queue to
         * re-acquire. And because conditions can only be exclusive,
         * we save a field by using special value to indicate shared
         * mode.
         */
        Node nextWaiter;
    
        /**
         * Returns true if node is waiting in shared mode
         */
        final boolean isShared() {
            return nextWaiter == SHARED;
        }
    
        /**
         * Returns previous node, or throws NullPointerException if null.
         * Use when predecessor cannot be null.  The null check could
         * be elided, but is present to help the VM.
         *
         * @return the predecessor of this node
         */
        final Node predecessor() throws NullPointerException {
            Node p = prev;
            if (p == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            else
                return p;
        }
    
        Node() {    // Used to establish initial head or SHARED marker
        }
    
        Node(Thread thread, Node mode) {     // Used by addWaiter
            this.nextWaiter = mode;
            this.thread = thread;
        }
    
        Node(Thread thread, int waitStatus) { // Used by Condition
            this.waitStatus = waitStatus;
            this.thread = thread;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Head of the wait queue, lazily initialized.  Except for
     * initialization, it is modified only via method setHead.  Note:
     * If head exists, its waitStatus is guaranteed not to be
     * CANCELLED.
     */
    private transient volatile Node head;
    
    /**
     * Tail of the wait queue, lazily initialized.  Modified only via
     * method enq to add new wait node.
     */
    private transient volatile Node tail;
    
    /**
     * The synchronization state.
     */
    private volatile int state;
    
    /**
     * Returns the current value of synchronization state.
     * This operation has memory semantics of a <tt>volatile</tt> read.
     * @return current state value
     */
    protected final int getState() {
        return state;
    }
    
    /**
     * Sets the value of synchronization state.
     * This operation has memory semantics of a <tt>volatile</tt> write.
     * @param newState the new state value
     */
    protected final void setState(int newState) {
        state = newState;
    }
    
    /**
     * Atomically sets synchronization state to the given updated
     * value if the current state value equals the expected value.
     * This operation has memory semantics of a <tt>volatile</tt> read
     * and write.
     *
     * @param expect the expected value
     * @param update the new value
     * @return true if successful. False return indicates that the actual
     *         value was not equal to the expected value.
     */
    protected final boolean compareAndSetState(int expect, int update) {
        // See below for intrinsics setup to support this
        return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, expect, update);
    }
    
    // Queuing utilities
    
    /**
     * The number of nanoseconds for which it is faster to spin
     * rather than to use timed park. A rough estimate suffices
     * to improve responsiveness with very short timeouts.
     */
    static final long spinForTimeoutThreshold = 1000L;
    
    /**
     * Inserts node into queue, initializing if necessary. See picture above.
     * @param node the node to insert
     * @return node's predecessor
     */
    private Node enq(final Node node) {
        for (;;) {
            Node t = tail;
            if (t == null) { // Must initialize
                if (compareAndSetHead(new Node()))
                    tail = head;
            } else {
                node.prev = t;
                if (compareAndSetTail(t, node)) {
                    t.next = node;
                    return t;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Creates and enqueues node for current thread and given mode.
     *
     * @param mode Node.EXCLUSIVE for exclusive, Node.SHARED for shared
     * @return the new node
     */
    private Node addWaiter(Node mode) {
        Node node = new Node(Thread.currentThread(), mode);
        // Try the fast path of enq; backup to full enq on failure
        Node pred = tail;
        if (pred != null) {
            node.prev = pred;
            if (compareAndSetTail(pred, node)) {
                pred.next = node;
                return node;
            }
        }
        enq(node);
        return node;
    }
    
    /**
     * Sets head of queue to be node, thus dequeuing. Called only by
     * acquire methods.  Also nulls out unused fields for sake of GC
     * and to suppress unnecessary signals and traversals.
     *
     * @param node the node
     */
    private void setHead(Node node) {
        head = node;
        node.thread = null;
        node.prev = null;
    }
    
    /**
     * Wakes up node's successor, if one exists.
     *
     * @param node the node
     */
    private void unparkSuccessor(Node node) {
        /*
         * If status is negative (i.e., possibly needing signal) try
         * to clear in anticipation of signalling.  It is OK if this
         * fails or if status is changed by waiting thread.
         */
        int ws = node.waitStatus;
        if (ws < 0)
            compareAndSetWaitStatus(node, ws, 0);
    
        /*
         * Thread to unpark is held in successor, which is normally
         * just the next node.  But if cancelled or apparently null,
         * traverse backwards from tail to find the actual
         * non-cancelled successor.
         */
        Node s = node.next;
        if (s == null || s.waitStatus > 0) {
            s = null;
            for (Node t = tail; t != null && t != node; t = t.prev)
                if (t.waitStatus <= 0)
                    s = t;
        }
        if (s != null)
            LockSupport.unpark(s.thread);
    }
    
    /**
     * Release action for shared mode -- signal successor and ensure
     * propagation. (Note: For exclusive mode, release just amounts
     * to calling unparkSuccessor of head if it needs signal.)
     */
    private void doReleaseShared() {
        /*
         * Ensure that a release propagates, even if there are other
         * in-progress acquires/releases.  This proceeds in the usual
         * way of trying to unparkSuccessor of head if it needs
         * signal. But if it does not, status is set to PROPAGATE to
         * ensure that upon release, propagation continues.
         * Additionally, we must loop in case a new node is added
         * while we are doing this. Also, unlike other uses of
         * unparkSuccessor, we need to know if CAS to reset status
         * fails, if so rechecking.
         */
        for (;;) {
            Node h = head;
            if (h != null && h != tail) {
                int ws = h.waitStatus;
                if (ws == Node.SIGNAL) {
                    if (!compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, Node.SIGNAL, 0))
                        continue;            // loop to recheck cases
                    unparkSuccessor(h);
                }
                else if (ws == 0 &&
                         !compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, 0, Node.PROPAGATE))
                    continue;                // loop on failed CAS
            }
            if (h == head)                   // loop if head changed
                break;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Sets head of queue, and checks if successor may be waiting
     * in shared mode, if so propagating if either propagate > 0 or
     * PROPAGATE status was set.
     *
     * @param node the node
     * @param propagate the return value from a tryAcquireShared
     */
    private void setHeadAndPropagate(Node node, int propagate) {
        Node h = head; // Record old head for check below
        setHead(node);
        /*
         * Try to signal next queued node if:
         *   Propagation was indicated by caller,
         *     or was recorded (as h.waitStatus) by a previous operation
         *     (note: this uses sign-check of waitStatus because
         *      PROPAGATE status may transition to SIGNAL.)
         * and
         *   The next node is waiting in shared mode,
         *     or we don't know, because it appears null
         *
         * The conservatism in both of these checks may cause
         * unnecessary wake-ups, but only when there are multiple
         * racing acquires/releases, so most need signals now or soon
         * anyway.
         */
        if (propagate > 0 || h == null || h.waitStatus < 0) {
            Node s = node.next;
            if (s == null || s.isShared())
                doReleaseShared();
        }
    }
    
    // Utilities for various versions of acquire
    
    /**
     * Cancels an ongoing attempt to acquire.
     *
     * @param node the node
     */
    private void cancelAcquire(Node node) {
        // Ignore if node doesn't exist
        if (node == null)
            return;
    
        node.thread = null;
    
        // Skip cancelled predecessors
        Node pred = node.prev;
        while (pred.waitStatus > 0)
            node.prev = pred = pred.prev;
    
        // predNext is the apparent node to unsplice. CASes below will
        // fail if not, in which case, we lost race vs another cancel
        // or signal, so no further action is necessary.
        Node predNext = pred.next;
    
        // Can use unconditional write instead of CAS here.
        // After this atomic step, other Nodes can skip past us.
        // Before, we are free of interference from other threads.
        node.waitStatus = Node.CANCELLED;
    
        // If we are the tail, remove ourselves.
        if (node == tail && compareAndSetTail(node, pred)) {
            compareAndSetNext(pred, predNext, null);
        } else {
            // If successor needs signal, try to set pred's next-link
            // so it will get one. Otherwise wake it up to propagate.
            int ws;
            if (pred != head &&
                ((ws = pred.waitStatus) == Node.SIGNAL ||
                 (ws <= 0 && compareAndSetWaitStatus(pred, ws, Node.SIGNAL))) 

&&
                pred.thread != null) {
                Node next = node.next;
                if (next != null && next.waitStatus <= 0)
                    compareAndSetNext(pred, predNext, next);
            } else {
                unparkSuccessor(node);
            }
    
            node.next = node; // help GC
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Checks and updates status for a node that failed to acquire.
     * Returns true if thread should block. This is the main signal
     * control in all acquire loops.  Requires that pred == node.prev
     *
     * @param pred node's predecessor holding status
     * @param node the node
     * @return {@code true} if thread should block
     */
    private static boolean shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(Node pred, Node node) {
        int ws = pred.waitStatus;
        if (ws == Node.SIGNAL)
            /*
             * This node has already set status asking a release
             * to signal it, so it can safely park.
             */
            return true;
        if (ws > 0) {
            /*
             * Predecessor was cancelled. Skip over predecessors and
             * indicate retry.
             */
            do {
                node.prev = pred = pred.prev;
            } while (pred.waitStatus > 0);
            pred.next = node;
        } else {
            /*
             * waitStatus must be 0 or PROPAGATE.  Indicate that we
             * need a signal, but don't park yet.  Caller will need to
             * retry to make sure it cannot acquire before parking.
             */
            compareAndSetWaitStatus(pred, ws, Node.SIGNAL);
        }
        return false;
    }
    
    /**
     * Convenience method to interrupt current thread.
     */
    private static void selfInterrupt() {
        Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
    }
    
    /**
     * Convenience method to park and then check if interrupted
     *
     * @return {@code true} if interrupted
     */
    private final boolean parkAndCheckInterrupt() {
        LockSupport.park(this);
        return Thread.interrupted();
    }
    
    /*
     * Various flavors of acquire, varying in exclusive/shared and
     * control modes.  Each is mostly the same, but annoyingly
     * different.  Only a little bit of factoring is possible due to
     * interactions of exception mechanics (including ensuring that we
     * cancel if tryAcquire throws exception) and other control, at
     * least not without hurting performance too much.
     */
    
    /**
     * Acquires in exclusive uninterruptible mode for thread already in
     * queue. Used by condition wait methods as well as acquire.
     *
     * @param node the node
     * @param arg the acquire argument
     * @return {@code true} if interrupted while waiting
     */
    final boolean acquireQueued(final Node node, int arg) {
        boolean failed = true;
        try {
            boolean interrupted = false;
            for (;;) {
                final Node p = node.predecessor();
                if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
                    setHead(node);
                    p.next = null; // help GC
                    failed = false;
                    return interrupted;
                }
                if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
                    parkAndCheckInterrupt())
                    interrupted = true;
            }
        } finally {
            if (failed)
                cancelAcquire(node);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Acquires in exclusive interruptible mode.
     * @param arg the acquire argument
     */
    private void doAcquireInterruptibly(int arg)
        throws InterruptedException {
        final Node node = addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE);
        boolean failed = true;
        try {
            for (;;) {
                final Node p = node.predecessor();
                if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
                    setHead(node);
                    p.next = null; // help GC
                    failed = false;
                    return;
                }
                if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
                    parkAndCheckInterrupt())
                    throw new InterruptedException();
            }
        } finally {
            if (failed)
                cancelAcquire(node);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Acquires in exclusive timed mode.
     *
     * @param arg the acquire argument
     * @param nanosTimeout max wait time
     * @return {@code true} if acquired
     */
    private boolean doAcquireNanos(int arg, long nanosTimeout)
        throws InterruptedException {
        long lastTime = System.nanoTime();
        final Node node = addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE);
        boolean failed = true;
        try {
            for (;;) {
                final Node p = node.predecessor();
                if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
                    setHead(node);
                    p.next = null; // help GC
                    failed = false;
                    return true;
                }
                if (nanosTimeout <= 0)
                    return false;
                if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
                    nanosTimeout > spinForTimeoutThreshold)
                    LockSupport.parkNanos(this, nanosTimeout);
                long now = System.nanoTime();
                nanosTimeout -= now - lastTime;
                lastTime = now;
                if (Thread.interrupted())
                    throw new InterruptedException();
            }
        } finally {
            if (failed)
                cancelAcquire(node);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Acquires in shared uninterruptible mode.
     * @param arg the acquire argument
     */
    private void doAcquireShared(int arg) {
        final Node node = addWaiter(Node.SHARED);
        boolean failed = true;
        try {
            boolean interrupted = false;
            for (;;) {
                final Node p = node.predecessor();
                if (p == head) {
                    int r = tryAcquireShared(arg);
                    if (r >= 0) {
                        setHeadAndPropagate(node, r);
                        p.next = null; // help GC
                        if (interrupted)
                            selfInterrupt();
                        failed = false;
                        return;
                    }
                }
                if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
                    parkAndCheckInterrupt())
                    interrupted = true;
            }
        } finally {
            if (failed)
                cancelAcquire(node);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Acquires in shared interruptible mode.
     * @param arg the acquire argument
     */
    private void doAcquireSharedInterruptibly(int arg)
        throws InterruptedException {
        final Node node = addWaiter(Node.SHARED);
        boolean failed = true;
        try {
            for (;;) {
                final Node p = node.predecessor();
                if (p == head) {
                    int r = tryAcquireShared(arg);
                    if (r >= 0) {
                        setHeadAndPropagate(node, r);
                        p.next = null; // help GC
                        failed = false;
                        return;
                    }
                }
                if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
                    parkAndCheckInterrupt())
                    throw new InterruptedException();
            }
        } finally {
            if (failed)
                cancelAcquire(node);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Acquires in shared timed mode.
     *
     * @param arg the acquire argument
     * @param nanosTimeout max wait time
     * @return {@code true} if acquired
     */
    private boolean doAcquireSharedNanos(int arg, long nanosTimeout)
        throws InterruptedException {
    
        long lastTime = System.nanoTime();
        final Node node = addWaiter(Node.SHARED);
        boolean failed = true;
        try {
            for (;;) {
                final Node p = node.predecessor();
                if (p == head) {
                    int r = tryAcquireShared(arg);
                    if (r >= 0) {
                        setHeadAndPropagate(node, r);
                        p.next = null; // help GC
                        failed = false;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                if (nanosTimeout <= 0)
                    return false;
                if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
                    nanosTimeout > spinForTimeoutThreshold)
                    LockSupport.parkNanos(this, nanosTimeout);
                long now = System.nanoTime();
                nanosTimeout -= now - lastTime;
                lastTime = now;
                if (Thread.interrupted())
                    throw new InterruptedException();
            }
        } finally {
            if (failed)
                cancelAcquire(node);
        }
    }
    
    // Main exported methods
    
    /**
     * Attempts to acquire in exclusive mode. This method should query
     * if the state of the object permits it to be acquired in the
     * exclusive mode, and if so to acquire it.
     *
     * <p>This method is always invoked by the thread performing
     * acquire.  If this method reports failure, the acquire method
     * may queue the thread, if it is not already queued, until it is
     * signalled by a release from some other thread. This can be used
     * to implement method {@link Lock#tryLock()}.
     *
     * <p>The default
     * implementation throws {@link UnsupportedOperationException}.
     *
     * @param arg the acquire argument. This value is always the one
     *        passed to an acquire method, or is the value saved on entry
     *        to a condition wait.  The value is otherwise uninterpreted
     *        and can represent anything you like.
     * @return {@code true} if successful. Upon success, this object has
     *         been acquired.
     * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if acquiring would place this
     *         synchronizer in an illegal state. This exception must be
     *         thrown in a consistent fashion for synchronization to work
     *         correctly.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if exclusive mode is not supported
     */
    protected boolean tryAcquire(int arg) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }
    
    /**
     * Attempts to set the state to reflect a release in exclusive
     * mode.
     *
     * <p>This method is always invoked by the thread performing release.
     *
     * <p>The default implementation throws
     * {@link UnsupportedOperationException}.
     *
     * @param arg the release argument. This value is always the one
     *        passed to a release method, or the current state value upon
     *        entry to a condition wait.  The value is otherwise
     *        uninterpreted and can represent anything you like.
     * @return {@code true} if this object is now in a fully released
     *         state, so that any waiting threads may attempt to acquire;
     *         and {@code false} otherwise.
     * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if releasing would place this
     *         synchronizer in an illegal state. This exception must be
     *         thrown in a consistent fashion for synchronization to work
     *         correctly.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if exclusive mode is not supported
     */
    protected boolean tryRelease(int arg) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }
    
    /**
     * Attempts to acquire in shared mode. This method should query if
     * the state of the object permits it to be acquired in the shared
     * mode, and if so to acquire it.
     *
     * <p>This method is always invoked by the thread performing
     * acquire.  If this method reports failure, the acquire method
     * may queue the thread, if it is not already queued, until it is
     * signalled by a release from some other thread.
     *
     * <p>The default implementation throws {@link
     * UnsupportedOperationException}.
     *
     * @param arg the acquire argument. This value is always the one
     *        passed to an acquire method, or is the value saved on entry
     *        to a condition wait.  The value is otherwise uninterpreted
     *        and can represent anything you like.
     * @return a negative value on failure; zero if acquisition in shared
     *         mode succeeded but no subsequent shared-mode acquire can
     *         succeed; and a positive value if acquisition in shared
     *         mode succeeded and subsequent shared-mode acquires might
     *         also succeed, in which case a subsequent waiting thread
     *         must check availability. (Support for three different
     *         return values enables this method to be used in contexts
     *         where acquires only sometimes act exclusively.)  Upon
     *         success, this object has been acquired.
     * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if acquiring would place this
     *         synchronizer in an illegal state. This exception must be
     *         thrown in a consistent fashion for synchronization to work
     *         correctly.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if shared mode is not supported
     */
    protected int tryAcquireShared(int arg) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }
    
    /**
     * Attempts to set the state to reflect a release in shared mode.
     *
     * <p>This method is always invoked by the thread performing release.
     *
     * <p>The default implementation throws
     * {@link UnsupportedOperationException}.
     *
     * @param arg the release argument. This value is always the one
     *        passed to a release method, or the current state value upon
     *        entry to a condition wait.  The value is otherwise
     *        uninterpreted and can represent anything you like.
     * @return {@code true} if this release of shared mode may permit a
     *         waiting acquire (shared or exclusive) to succeed; and
     *         {@code false} otherwise
     * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if releasing would place this
     *         synchronizer in an illegal state. This exception must be
     *         thrown in a consistent fashion for synchronization to work
     *         correctly.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if shared mode is not supported
     */
    protected boolean tryReleaseShared(int arg) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if synchronization is held exclusively with
     * respect to the current (calling) thread.  This method is invoked
     * upon each call to a non-waiting {@link ConditionObject} method.
     * (Waiting methods instead invoke {@link #release}.)
     *
     * <p>The default implementation throws {@link
     * UnsupportedOperationException}. This method is invoked
     * internally only within {@link ConditionObject} methods, so need
     * not be defined if conditions are not used.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if synchronization is held exclusively;
     *         {@code false} otherwise
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if conditions are not supported
     */
    protected boolean isHeldExclusively() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }
    
    /**
     * Acquires in exclusive mode, ignoring interrupts.  Implemented
     * by invoking at least once {@link #tryAcquire},
     * returning on success.  Otherwise the thread is queued, possibly
     * repeatedly blocking and unblocking, invoking {@link
     * #tryAcquire} until success.  This method can be used
     * to implement method {@link Lock#lock}.
     *
     * @param arg the acquire argument.  This value is conveyed to
     *        {@link #tryAcquire} but is otherwise uninterpreted and
     *        can represent anything you like.
     */
    public final void acquire(int arg) {
        if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&
            acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))
            selfInterrupt();
    }
    
    /**
     * Acquires in exclusive mode, aborting if interrupted.
     * Implemented by first checking interrupt status, then invoking
     * at least once {@link #tryAcquire}, returning on
     * success.  Otherwise the thread is queued, possibly repeatedly
     * blocking and unblocking, invoking {@link #tryAcquire}
     * until success or the thread is interrupted.  This method can be
     * used to implement method {@link Lock#lockInterruptibly}.
     *
     * @param arg the acquire argument.  This value is conveyed to
     *        {@link #tryAcquire} but is otherwise uninterpreted and
     *        can represent anything you like.
     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread is interrupted
     */
    public final void acquireInterruptibly(int arg)
            throws InterruptedException {
        if (Thread.interrupted())
            throw new InterruptedException();
        if (!tryAcquire(arg))
            doAcquireInterruptibly(arg);
    }
    
    /**
     * Attempts to acquire in exclusive mode, aborting if interrupted,
     * and failing if the given timeout elapses.  Implemented by first
     * checking interrupt status, then invoking at least once {@link
     * #tryAcquire}, returning on success.  Otherwise, the thread is
     * queued, possibly repeatedly blocking and unblocking, invoking
     * {@link #tryAcquire} until success or the thread is interrupted
     * or the timeout elapses.  This method can be used to implement
     * method {@link Lock#tryLock(long, TimeUnit)}.
     *
     * @param arg the acquire argument.  This value is conveyed to
     *        {@link #tryAcquire} but is otherwise uninterpreted and
     *        can represent anything you like.
     * @param nanosTimeout the maximum number of nanoseconds to wait
     * @return {@code true} if acquired; {@code false} if timed out
     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread is interrupted
     */
    public final boolean tryAcquireNanos(int arg, long nanosTimeout)
            throws InterruptedException {
        if (Thread.interrupted())
            throw new InterruptedException();
        return tryAcquire(arg) ||
            doAcquireNanos(arg, nanosTimeout);
    }
    
    /**
     * Releases in exclusive mode.  Implemented by unblocking one or
     * more threads if {@link #tryRelease} returns true.
     * This method can be used to implement method {@link Lock#unlock}.
     *
     * @param arg the release argument.  This value is conveyed to
     *        {@link #tryRelease} but is otherwise uninterpreted and
     *        can represent anything you like.
     * @return the value returned from {@link #tryRelease}
     */
    public final boolean release(int arg) {
        if (tryRelease(arg)) {
            Node h = head;
            if (h != null && h.waitStatus != 0)
                unparkSuccessor(h);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }
    
    /**
     * Acquires in shared mode, ignoring interrupts.  Implemented by
     * first invoking at least once {@link #tryAcquireShared},
     * returning on success.  Otherwise the thread is queued, possibly
     * repeatedly blocking and unblocking, invoking {@link
     * #tryAcquireShared} until success.
     *
     * @param arg the acquire argument.  This value is conveyed to
     *        {@link #tryAcquireShared} but is otherwise uninterpreted
     *        and can represent anything you like.
     */
    public final void acquireShared(int arg) {
        if (tryAcquireShared(arg) < 0)
            doAcquireShared(arg);
    }
    
    /**
     * Acquires in shared mode, aborting if interrupted.  Implemented
     * by first checking interrupt status, then invoking at least once
     * {@link #tryAcquireShared}, returning on success.  Otherwise the
     * thread is queued, possibly repeatedly blocking and unblocking,
     * invoking {@link #tryAcquireShared} until success or the thread
     * is interrupted.
     * @param arg the acquire argument
     * This value is conveyed to {@link #tryAcquireShared} but is
     * otherwise uninterpreted and can represent anything
     * you like.
     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread is interrupted
     */
    public final void acquireSharedInterruptibly(int arg)
            throws InterruptedException {
        if (Thread.interrupted())
            throw new InterruptedException();
        if (tryAcquireShared(arg) < 0)
            doAcquireSharedInterruptibly(arg);
    }
    
    /**
     * Attempts to acquire in shared mode, aborting if interrupted, and
     * failing if the given timeout elapses.  Implemented by first
     * checking interrupt status, then invoking at least once {@link
     * #tryAcquireShared}, returning on success.  Otherwise, the
     * thread is queued, possibly repeatedly blocking and unblocking,
     * invoking {@link #tryAcquireShared} until success or the thread
     * is interrupted or the timeout elapses.
     *
     * @param arg the acquire argument.  This value is conveyed to
     *        {@link #tryAcquireShared} but is otherwise uninterpreted
     *        and can represent anything you like.
     * @param nanosTimeout the maximum number of nanoseconds to wait
     * @return {@code true} if acquired; {@code false} if timed out
     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread is interrupted
     */
    public final boolean tryAcquireSharedNanos(int arg, long nanosTimeout)
            throws InterruptedException {
        if (Thread.interrupted())
            throw new InterruptedException();
        return tryAcquireShared(arg) >= 0 ||
            doAcquireSharedNanos(arg, nanosTimeout);
    }
    
    /**
     * Releases in shared mode.  Implemented by unblocking one or more
     * threads if {@link #tryReleaseShared} returns true.
     *
     * @param arg the release argument.  This value is conveyed to
     *        {@link #tryReleaseShared} but is otherwise uninterpreted
     *        and can represent anything you like.
     * @return the value returned from {@link #tryReleaseShared}
     */
    public final boolean releaseShared(int arg) {
        if (tryReleaseShared(arg)) {
            doReleaseShared();
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }
    
    // Queue inspection methods
    
    /**
     * Queries whether any threads are waiting to acquire. Note that
     * because cancellations due to interrupts and timeouts may occur
     * at any time, a {@code true} return does not guarantee that any
     * other thread will ever acquire.
     *
     * <p>In this implementation, this operation returns in
     * constant time.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if there may be other threads waiting to acquire
     */
    public final boolean hasQueuedThreads() {
        return head != tail;
    }
    
    /**
     * Queries whether any threads have ever contended to acquire this
     * synchronizer; that is if an acquire method has ever blocked.
     *
     * <p>In this implementation, this operation returns in
     * constant time.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if there has ever been contention
     */
    public final boolean hasContended() {
        return head != null;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns the first (longest-waiting) thread in the queue, or
     * {@code null} if no threads are currently queued.
     *
     * <p>In this implementation, this operation normally returns in
     * constant time, but may iterate upon contention if other threads are
     * concurrently modifying the queue.
     *
     * @return the first (longest-waiting) thread in the queue, or
     *         {@code null} if no threads are currently queued
     */
    public final Thread getFirstQueuedThread() {
        // handle only fast path, else relay
        return (head == tail) ? null : fullGetFirstQueuedThread();
    }
    
    /**
     * Version of getFirstQueuedThread called when fastpath fails
     */
    private Thread fullGetFirstQueuedThread() {
        /*
         * The first node is normally head.next. Try to get its
         * thread field, ensuring consistent reads: If thread
         * field is nulled out or s.prev is no longer head, then
         * some other thread(s) concurrently performed setHead in
         * between some of our reads. We try this twice before
         * resorting to traversal.
         */
        Node h, s;
        Thread st;
        if (((h = head) != null && (s = h.next) != null &&
             s.prev == head && (st = s.thread) != null) ||
            ((h = head) != null && (s = h.next) != null &&
             s.prev == head && (st = s.thread) != null))
            return st;
    
        /*
         * Head's next field might not have been set yet, or may have
         * been unset after setHead. So we must check to see if tail
         * is actually first node. If not, we continue on, safely
         * traversing from tail back to head to find first,
         * guaranteeing termination.
         */
    
        Node t = tail;
        Thread firstThread = null;
        while (t != null && t != head) {
            Thread tt = t.thread;
            if (tt != null)
                firstThread = tt;
            t = t.prev;
        }
        return firstThread;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns true if the given thread is currently queued.
     *
     * <p>This implementation traverses the queue to determine
     * presence of the given thread.
     *
     * @param thread the thread
     * @return {@code true} if the given thread is on the queue
     * @throws NullPointerException if the thread is null
     */
    public final boolean isQueued(Thread thread) {
        if (thread == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        for (Node p = tail; p != null; p = p.prev)
            if (p.thread == thread)
                return true;
        return false;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if the apparent first queued thread, if one
     * exists, is waiting in exclusive mode.  If this method returns
     * {@code true}, and the current thread is attempting to acquire in
     * shared mode (that is, this method is invoked from {@link
     * #tryAcquireShared}) then it is guaranteed that the current thread
     * is not the first queued thread.  Used only as a heuristic in
     * ReentrantReadWriteLock.
     */
    final boolean apparentlyFirstQueuedIsExclusive() {
        Node h, s;
        return (h = head) != null &&
            (s = h.next)  != null &&
            !s.isShared()         &&
            s.thread != null;
    }
    
    /**
     * Queries whether any threads have been waiting to acquire longer
     * than the current thread.
     *
     * <p>An invocation of this method is equivalent to (but may be
     * more efficient than):
     *  <pre> {@code
     * getFirstQueuedThread() != Thread.currentThread() &&
     * hasQueuedThreads()}</pre>
     *
     * <p>Note that because cancellations due to interrupts and
     * timeouts may occur at any time, a {@code true} return does not
     * guarantee that some other thread will acquire before the current
     * thread.  Likewise, it is possible for another thread to win a
     * race to enqueue after this method has returned {@code false},
     * due to the queue being empty.
     *
     * <p>This method is designed to be used by a fair synchronizer to
     * avoid <a href="AbstractQueuedSynchronizer#barging">barging</a>.
     * Such a synchronizer's {@link #tryAcquire} method should return
     * {@code false}, and its {@link #tryAcquireShared} method should
     * return a negative value, if this method returns {@code true}
     * (unless this is a reentrant acquire).  For example, the {@code
     * tryAcquire} method for a fair, reentrant, exclusive mode
     * synchronizer might look like this:
     *
     *  <pre> {@code
     * protected boolean tryAcquire(int arg) {
     *   if (isHeldExclusively()) {
     *     // A reentrant acquire; increment hold count
     *     return true;
     *   } else if (hasQueuedPredecessors()) {
     *     return false;
     *   } else {
     *     // try to acquire normally
     *   }
     * }}</pre>
     *
     * @return {@code true} if there is a queued thread preceding the
     *         current thread, and {@code false} if the current thread
     *         is at the head of the queue or the queue is empty
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public final boolean hasQueuedPredecessors() {
        // The correctness of this depends on head being initialized
        // before tail and on head.next being accurate if the current
        // thread is first in queue.
        Node t = tail; // Read fields in reverse initialization order
        Node h = head;
        Node s;
        return h != t &&
            ((s = h.next) == null || s.thread != Thread.currentThread());
    }
    
    
    // Instrumentation and monitoring methods
    
    /**
     * Returns an estimate of the number of threads waiting to
     * acquire.  The value is only an estimate because the number of
     * threads may change dynamically while this method traverses
     * internal data structures.  This method is designed for use in
     * monitoring system state, not for synchronization
     * control.
     *
     * @return the estimated number of threads waiting to acquire
     */
    public final int getQueueLength() {
        int n = 0;
        for (Node p = tail; p != null; p = p.prev) {
            if (p.thread != null)
                ++n;
        }
        return n;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a collection containing threads that may be waiting to
     * acquire.  Because the actual set of threads may change
     * dynamically while constructing this result, the returned
     * collection is only a best-effort estimate.  The elements of the
     * returned collection are in no particular order.  This method is
     * designed to facilitate construction of subclasses that provide
     * more extensive monitoring facilities.
     *
     * @return the collection of threads
     */
    public final Collection<Thread> getQueuedThreads() {
        ArrayList<Thread> list = new ArrayList<Thread>();
        for (Node p = tail; p != null; p = p.prev) {
            Thread t = p.thread;
            if (t != null)
                list.add(t);
        }
        return list;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a collection containing threads that may be waiting to
     * acquire in exclusive mode. This has the same properties
     * as {@link #getQueuedThreads} except that it only returns
     * those threads waiting due to an exclusive acquire.
     *
     * @return the collection of threads
     */
    public final Collection<Thread> getExclusiveQueuedThreads() {
        ArrayList<Thread> list = new ArrayList<Thread>();
        for (Node p = tail; p != null; p = p.prev) {
            if (!p.isShared()) {
                Thread t = p.thread;
                if (t != null)
                    list.add(t);
            }
        }
        return list;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a collection containing threads that may be waiting to
     * acquire in shared mode. This has the same properties
     * as {@link #getQueuedThreads} except that it only returns
     * those threads waiting due to a shared acquire.
     *
     * @return the collection of threads
     */
    public final Collection<Thread> getSharedQueuedThreads() {
        ArrayList<Thread> list = new ArrayList<Thread>();
        for (Node p = tail; p != null; p = p.prev) {
            if (p.isShared()) {
                Thread t = p.thread;
                if (t != null)
                    list.add(t);
            }
        }
        return list;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a string identifying this synchronizer, as well as its state.
     * The state, in brackets, includes the String {@code "State ="}
     * followed by the current value of {@link #getState}, and either
     * {@code "nonempty"} or {@code "empty"} depending on whether the
     * queue is empty.
     *
     * @return a string identifying this synchronizer, as well as its state
     */
    public String toString() {
        int s = getState();
        String q  = hasQueuedThreads() ? "non" : "";
        return super.toString() +
            "[State = " + s + ", " + q + "empty queue]";
    }
    
    
    // Internal support methods for Conditions
    
    /**
     * Returns true if a node, always one that was initially placed on
     * a condition queue, is now waiting to reacquire on sync queue.
     * @param node the node
     * @return true if is reacquiring
     */
    final boolean isOnSyncQueue(Node node) {
        if (node.waitStatus == Node.CONDITION || node.prev == null)
            return false;
        if (node.next != null) // If has successor, it must be on queue
            return true;
        /*
         * node.prev can be non-null, but not yet on queue because
         * the CAS to place it on queue can fail. So we have to
         * traverse from tail to make sure it actually made it.  It
         * will always be near the tail in calls to this method, and
         * unless the CAS failed (which is unlikely), it will be
         * there, so we hardly ever traverse much.
         */
        return findNodeFromTail(node);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns true if node is on sync queue by searching backwards from tail.
     * Called only when needed by isOnSyncQueue.
     * @return true if present
     */
    private boolean findNodeFromTail(Node node) {
        Node t = tail;
        for (;;) {
            if (t == node)
                return true;
            if (t == null)
                return false;
            t = t.prev;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Transfers a node from a condition queue onto sync queue.
     * Returns true if successful.
     * @param node the node
     * @return true if successfully transferred (else the node was
     * cancelled before signal).
     */
    final boolean transferForSignal(Node node) {
        /*
         * If cannot change waitStatus, the node has been cancelled.
         */
        if (!compareAndSetWaitStatus(node, Node.CONDITION, 0))
            return false;
    
        /*
         * Splice onto queue and try to set waitStatus of predecessor to
         * indicate that thread is (probably) waiting. If cancelled or
         * attempt to set waitStatus fails, wake up to resync (in which
         * case the waitStatus can be transiently and harmlessly wrong).
         */
        Node p = enq(node);
        int ws = p.waitStatus;
        if (ws > 0 || !compareAndSetWaitStatus(p, ws, Node.SIGNAL))
            LockSupport.unpark(node.thread);
        return true;
    }
    
    /**
     * Transfers node, if necessary, to sync queue after a cancelled
     * wait. Returns true if thread was cancelled before being
     * signalled.
     * @param current the waiting thread
     * @param node its node
     * @return true if cancelled before the node was signalled
     */
    final boolean transferAfterCancelledWait(Node node) {
        if (compareAndSetWaitStatus(node, Node.CONDITION, 0)) {
            enq(node);
            return true;
        }
        /*
         * If we lost out to a signal(), then we can't proceed
         * until it finishes its enq().  Cancelling during an
         * incomplete transfer is both rare and transient, so just
         * spin.
         */
        while (!isOnSyncQueue(node))
            Thread.yield();
        return false;
    }
    
    /**
     * Invokes release with current state value; returns saved state.
     * Cancels node and throws exception on failure.
     * @param node the condition node for this wait
     * @return previous sync state
     */
    final int fullyRelease(Node node) {
        boolean failed = true;
        try {
            int savedState = getState();
            if (release(savedState)) {
                failed = false;
                return savedState;
            } else {
                throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
            }
        } finally {
            if (failed)
                node.waitStatus = Node.CANCELLED;
        }
    }
    
    // Instrumentation methods for conditions
    
    /**
     * Queries whether the given ConditionObject
     * uses this synchronizer as its lock.
     *
     * @param condition the condition
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if owned
     * @throws NullPointerException if the condition is null
     */
    public final boolean owns(ConditionObject condition) {
        if (condition == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        return condition.isOwnedBy(this);
    }
    
    /**
     * Queries whether any threads are waiting on the given condition
     * associated with this synchronizer. Note that because timeouts
     * and interrupts may occur at any time, a <tt>true</tt> return
     * does not guarantee that a future <tt>signal</tt> will awaken
     * any threads.  This method is designed primarily for use in
     * monitoring of the system state.
     *
     * @param condition the condition
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if there are any waiting threads
     * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if exclusive synchronization
     *         is not held
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the given condition is
     *         not associated with this synchronizer
     * @throws NullPointerException if the condition is null
     */
    public final boolean hasWaiters(ConditionObject condition) {
        if (!owns(condition))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Not owner");
        return condition.hasWaiters();
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns an estimate of the number of threads waiting on the
     * given condition associated with this synchronizer. Note that
     * because timeouts and interrupts may occur at any time, the
     * estimate serves only as an upper bound on the actual number of
     * waiters.  This method is designed for use in monitoring of the
     * system state, not for synchronization control.
     *
     * @param condition the condition
     * @return the estimated number of waiting threads
     * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if exclusive synchronization
     *         is not held
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the given condition is
     *         not associated with this synchronizer
     * @throws NullPointerException if the condition is null
     */
    public final int getWaitQueueLength(ConditionObject condition) {
        if (!owns(condition))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Not owner");
        return condition.getWaitQueueLength();
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a collection containing those threads that may be
     * waiting on the given condition associated with this
     * synchronizer.  Because the actual set of threads may change
     * dynamically while constructing this result, the returned
     * collection is only a best-effort estimate. The elements of the
     * returned collection are in no particular order.
     *
     * @param condition the condition
     * @return the collection of threads
     * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if exclusive synchronization
     *         is not held
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the given condition is
     *         not associated with this synchronizer
     * @throws NullPointerException if the condition is null
     */
    public final Collection<Thread> getWaitingThreads(ConditionObject condition) {
        if (!owns(condition))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Not owner");
        return condition.getWaitingThreads();
    }
    
    /**
     * Condition implementation for a {@link
     * AbstractQueuedSynchronizer} serving as the basis of a {@link
     * Lock} implementation.
     *
     * <p>Method documentation for this class describes mechanics,
     * not behavioral specifications from the point of view of Lock
     * and Condition users. Exported versions of this class will in
     * general need to be accompanied by documentation describing
     * condition semantics that rely on those of the associated
     * <tt>AbstractQueuedSynchronizer</tt>.
     *
     * <p>This class is Serializable, but all fields are transient,
     * so deserialized conditions have no waiters.
     */
    public class ConditionObject implements Condition, java.io.Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1173984872572414699L;
        /** First node of condition queue. */
        private transient Node firstWaiter;
        /** Last node of condition queue. */
        private transient Node lastWaiter;
    
        /**
         * Creates a new <tt>ConditionObject</tt> instance.
         */
        public ConditionObject() { }
    
        // Internal methods
    
        /**
         * Adds a new waiter to wait queue.
         * @return its new wait node
         */
        private Node addConditionWaiter() {
            Node t = lastWaiter;
            // If lastWaiter is cancelled, clean out.
            if (t != null && t.waitStatus != Node.CONDITION) {
                unlinkCancelledWaiters();
                t = lastWaiter;
            }
            Node node = new Node(Thread.currentThread(), Node.CONDITION);
            if (t == null)
                firstWaiter = node;
            else
                t.nextWaiter = node;
            lastWaiter = node;
            return node;
        }
    
        /**
         * Removes and transfers nodes until hit non-cancelled one or
         * null. Split out from signal in part to encourage compilers
         * to inline the case of no waiters.
         * @param first (non-null) the first node on condition queue
         */
        private void doSignal(Node first) {
            do {
                if ( (firstWaiter = first.nextWaiter) == null)
                    lastWaiter = null;
                first.nextWaiter = null;
            } while (!transferForSignal(first) &&
                     (first = firstWaiter) != null);
        }
    
        /**
         * Removes and transfers all nodes.
         * @param first (non-null) the first node on condition queue
         */
        private void doSignalAll(Node first) {
            lastWaiter = firstWaiter = null;
            do {
                Node next = first.nextWaiter;
                first.nextWaiter = null;
                transferForSignal(first);
                first = next;
            } while (first != null);
        }
    
        /**
         * Unlinks cancelled waiter nodes from condition queue.
         * Called only while holding lock. This is called when
         * cancellation occurred during condition wait, and upon
         * insertion of a new waiter when lastWaiter is seen to have
         * been cancelled. This method is needed to avoid garbage
         * retention in the absence of signals. So even though it may
         * require a full traversal, it comes into play only when
         * timeouts or cancellations occur in the absence of
         * signals. It traverses all nodes rather than stopping at a
         * particular target to unlink all pointers to garbage nodes
         * without requiring many re-traversals during cancellation
         * storms.
         */
        private void unlinkCancelledWaiters() {
            Node t = firstWaiter;
            Node trail = null;
            while (t != null) {
                Node next = t.nextWaiter;
                if (t.waitStatus != Node.CONDITION) {
                    t.nextWaiter = null;
                    if (trail == null)
                        firstWaiter = next;
                    else
                        trail.nextWaiter = next;
                    if (next == null)
                        lastWaiter = trail;
                }
                else
                    trail = t;
                t = next;
            }
        }
    
        // public methods
    
        /**
         * Moves the longest-waiting thread, if one exists, from the
         * wait queue for this condition to the wait queue for the
         * owning lock.
         *
         * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if {@link #isHeldExclusively}
         *         returns {@code false}
         */
        public final void signal() {
            if (!isHeldExclusively())
                throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
            Node first = firstWaiter;
            if (first != null)
                doSignal(first);
        }
    
        /**
         * Moves all threads from the wait queue for this condition to
         * the wait queue for the owning lock.
         *
         * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if {@link #isHeldExclusively}
         *         returns {@code false}
         */
        public final void signalAll() {
            if (!isHeldExclusively())
                throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
            Node first = firstWaiter;
            if (first != null)
                doSignalAll(first);
        }
    
        /**
         * Implements uninterruptible condition wait.
         * <ol>
         * <li> Save lock state returned by {@link #getState}.
         * <li> Invoke {@link #release} with
         *      saved state as argument, throwing
         *      IllegalMonitorStateException if it fails.
         * <li> Block until signalled.
         * <li> Reacquire by invoking specialized version of
         *      {@link #acquire} with saved state as argument.
         * </ol>
         */
        public final void awaitUninterruptibly() {
            Node node = addConditionWaiter();
            int savedState = fullyRelease(node);
            boolean interrupted = false;
            while (!isOnSyncQueue(node)) {
                LockSupport.park(this);
                if (Thread.interrupted())
                    interrupted = true;
            }
            if (acquireQueued(node, savedState) || interrupted)
                selfInterrupt();
        }
    
        /*
         * For interruptible waits, we need to track whether to throw
         * InterruptedException, if interrupted while blocked on
         * condition, versus reinterrupt current thread, if
         * interrupted while blocked waiting to re-acquire.
         */
    
        /** Mode meaning to reinterrupt on exit from wait */
        private static final int REINTERRUPT =  1;
        /** Mode meaning to throw InterruptedException on exit from wait */
        private static final int THROW_IE    = -1;
    
        /**
         * Checks for interrupt, returning THROW_IE if interrupted
         * before signalled, REINTERRUPT if after signalled, or
         * 0 if not interrupted.
         */
        private int checkInterruptWhileWaiting(Node node) {
            return Thread.interrupted() ?
                (transferAfterCancelledWait(node) ? THROW_IE : REINTERRUPT) :
                0;
        }
    
        /**
         * Throws InterruptedException, reinterrupts current thread, or
         * does nothing, depending on mode.
         */
        private void reportInterruptAfterWait(int interruptMode)
            throws InterruptedException {
            if (interruptMode == THROW_IE)
                throw new InterruptedException();
            else if (interruptMode == REINTERRUPT)
                selfInterrupt();
        }
    
        /**
         * Implements interruptible condition wait.
         * <ol>
         * <li> If current thread is interrupted, throw InterruptedException.
         * <li> Save lock state returned by {@link #getState}.
         * <li> Invoke {@link #release} with
         *      saved state as argument, throwing
         *      IllegalMonitorStateException if it fails.
         * <li> Block until signalled or interrupted.
         * <li> Reacquire by invoking specialized version of
         *      {@link #acquire} with saved state as argument.
         * <li> If interrupted while blocked in step 4, throw InterruptedException.
         * </ol>
         */
        public final void await() throws InterruptedException {
            if (Thread.interrupted())
                throw new InterruptedException();
            Node node = addConditionWaiter();
            int savedState = fullyRelease(node);
            int interruptMode = 0;
            while (!isOnSyncQueue(node)) {
                LockSupport.park(this);
                if ((interruptMode = checkInterruptWhileWaiting(node)) != 0)
                    break;
            }
            if (acquireQueued(node, savedState) && interruptMode != THROW_IE)
                interruptMode = REINTERRUPT;
            if (node.nextWaiter != null) // clean up if cancelled
                unlinkCancelledWaiters();
            if (interruptMode != 0)
                reportInterruptAfterWait(interruptMode);
        }
    
        /**
         * Implements timed condition wait.
         * <ol>
         * <li> If current thread is interrupted, throw InterruptedException.
         * <li> Save lock state returned by {@link #getState}.
         * <li> Invoke {@link #release} with
         *      saved state as argument, throwing
         *      IllegalMonitorStateException if it fails.
         * <li> Block until signalled, interrupted, or timed out.
         * <li> Reacquire by invoking specialized version of
         *      {@link #acquire} with saved state as argument.
         * <li> If interrupted while blocked in step 4, throw InterruptedException.
         * </ol>
         */
        public final long awaitNanos(long nanosTimeout)
                throws InterruptedException {
            if (Thread.interrupted())
                throw new InterruptedException();
            Node node = addConditionWaiter();
            int savedState = fullyRelease(node);
            long lastTime = System.nanoTime();
            int interruptMode = 0;
            while (!isOnSyncQueue(node)) {
                if (nanosTimeout <= 0L) {
                    transferAfterCancelledWait(node);
                    break;
                }
                LockSupport.parkNanos(this, nanosTimeout);
                if ((interruptMode = checkInterruptWhileWaiting(node)) != 0)
                    break;
    
                long now = System.nanoTime();
                nanosTimeout -= now - lastTime;
                lastTime = now;
            }
            if (acquireQueued(node, savedState) && interruptMode != THROW_IE)
                interruptMode = REINTERRUPT;
            if (node.nextWaiter != null)
                unlinkCancelledWaiters();
            if (interruptMode != 0)
                reportInterruptAfterWait(interruptMode);
            return nanosTimeout - (System.nanoTime() - lastTime);
        }
    
        /**
         * Implements absolute timed condition wait.
         * <ol>
         * <li> If current thread is interrupted, throw InterruptedException.
         * <li> Save lock state returned by {@link #getState}.
         * <li> Invoke {@link #release} with
         *      saved state as argument, throwing
         *      IllegalMonitorStateException if it fails.
         * <li> Block until signalled, interrupted, or timed out.
         * <li> Reacquire by invoking specialized version of
         *      {@link #acquire} with saved state as argument.
         * <li> If interrupted while blocked in step 4, throw InterruptedException.
         * <li> If timed out while blocked in step 4, return false, else true.
         * </ol>
         */
        public final boolean awaitUntil(Date deadline)
                throws InterruptedException {
            if (deadline == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            long abstime = deadline.getTime();
            if (Thread.interrupted())
                throw new InterruptedException();
            Node node = addConditionWaiter();
            int savedState = fullyRelease(node);
            boolean timedout = false;
            int interruptMode = 0;
            while (!isOnSyncQueue(node)) {
                if (System.currentTimeMillis() > abstime) {
                    timedout = transferAfterCancelledWait(node);
                    break;
                }
                LockSupport.parkUntil(this, abstime);
                if ((interruptMode = checkInterruptWhileWaiting(node)) != 0)
                    break;
            }
            if (acquireQueued(node, savedState) && interruptMode != THROW_IE)
                interruptMode = REINTERRUPT;
            if (node.nextWaiter != null)
                unlinkCancelledWaiters();
            if (interruptMode != 0)
                reportInterruptAfterWait(interruptMode);
            return !timedout;
        }
    
        /**
         * Implements timed condition wait.
         * <ol>
         * <li> If current thread is interrupted, throw InterruptedException.
         * <li> Save lock state returned by {@link #getState}.
         * <li> Invoke {@link #release} with
         *      saved state as argument, throwing
         *      IllegalMonitorStateException if it fails.
         * <li> Block until signalled, interrupted, or timed out.
         * <li> Reacquire by invoking specialized version of
         *      {@link #acquire} with saved state as argument.
         * <li> If interrupted while blocked in step 4, throw InterruptedException.
         * <li> If timed out while blocked in step 4, return false, else true.
         * </ol>
         */
        public final boolean await(long time, TimeUnit unit)
                throws InterruptedException {
            if (unit == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            long nanosTimeout = unit.toNanos(time);
            if (Thread.interrupted())
                throw new InterruptedException();
            Node node = addConditionWaiter();
            int savedState = fullyRelease(node);
            long lastTime = System.nanoTime();
            boolean timedout = false;
            int interruptMode = 0;
            while (!isOnSyncQueue(node)) {
                if (nanosTimeout <= 0L) {
                    timedout = transferAfterCancelledWait(node);
                    break;
                }
                if (nanosTimeout >= spinForTimeoutThreshold)
                    LockSupport.parkNanos(this, nanosTimeout);
                if ((interruptMode = checkInterruptWhileWaiting(node)) != 0)
                    break;
                long now = System.nanoTime();
                nanosTimeout -= now - lastTime;
                lastTime = now;
            }
            if (acquireQueued(node, savedState) && interruptMode != THROW_IE)
                interruptMode = REINTERRUPT;
            if (node.nextWaiter != null)
                unlinkCancelledWaiters();
            if (interruptMode != 0)
                reportInterruptAfterWait(interruptMode);
            return !timedout;
        }
    
        //  support for instrumentation
    
        /**
         * Returns true if this condition was created by the given
         * synchronization object.
         *
         * @return {@code true} if owned
         */
        final boolean isOwnedBy(AbstractQueuedSynchronizer sync) {
            return sync == AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.this;
        }
    
        /**
         * Queries whether any threads are waiting on this condition.
         * Implements {@link AbstractQueuedSynchronizer#hasWaiters}.
         *
         * @return {@code true} if there are any waiting threads
         * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if {@link #isHeldExclusively}
         *         returns {@code false}
         */
        protected final boolean hasWaiters() {
            if (!isHeldExclusively())
                throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
            for (Node w = firstWaiter; w != null; w = w.nextWaiter) {
                if (w.waitStatus == Node.CONDITION)
                    return true;
            }
            return false;

        }
    
        /**
         * Returns an estimate of the number of threads waiting on
         * this condition.
         * Implements {@link AbstractQueuedSynchronizer#getWaitQueueLength}.
         *
         * @return the estimated number of waiting threads
         * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if {@link #isHeldExclusively}
         *         returns {@code false}
         */
        protected final int getWaitQueueLength() {
            if (!isHeldExclusively())
                throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
            int n = 0;
            for (Node w = firstWaiter; w != null; w = w.nextWaiter) {
                if (w.waitStatus == Node.CONDITION)
                    ++n;
            }
            return n;
        }
    
        /**
         * Returns a collection containing those threads that may be
         * waiting on this Condition.
         * Implements {@link AbstractQueuedSynchronizer#getWaitingThreads}.
         *
         * @return the collection of threads
         * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if {@link #isHeldExclusively}
         *         returns {@code false}
         */
        protected final Collection<Thread> getWaitingThreads() {
            if (!isHeldExclusively())
                throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
            ArrayList<Thread> list = new ArrayList<Thread>();
            for (Node w = firstWaiter; w != null; w = w.nextWaiter) {
                if (w.waitStatus == Node.CONDITION) {
                    Thread t = w.thread;
                    if (t != null)
                        list.add(t);
                }
            }
            return list;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Setup to support compareAndSet. We need to natively implement
     * this here: For the sake of permitting future enhancements, we
     * cannot explicitly subclass AtomicInteger, which would be
     * efficient and useful otherwise. So, as the lesser of evils, we
     * natively implement using hotspot intrinsics API. And while we
     * are at it, we do the same for other CASable fields (which could
     * otherwise be done with atomic field updaters).
     */
    private static final Unsafe unsafe = Unsafe.getUnsafe();
    private static final long stateOffset;
    private static final long headOffset;
    private static final long tailOffset;
    private static final long waitStatusOffset;
    private static final long nextOffset;
    
    static {
        try {
            stateOffset = unsafe.objectFieldOffset
                (AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.class.getDeclaredField("state"));
            headOffset = unsafe.objectFieldOffset
                (AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.class.getDeclaredField("head"));
            tailOffset = unsafe.objectFieldOffset
                (AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.class.getDeclaredField("tail"));
            waitStatusOffset = unsafe.objectFieldOffset
                (Node.class.getDeclaredField("waitStatus"));
            nextOffset = unsafe.objectFieldOffset
                (Node.class.getDeclaredField("next"));
    
        } catch (Exception ex) { throw new Error(ex); }
    }
    
    /**
     * CAS head field. Used only by enq.
     */
    private final boolean compareAndSetHead(Node update) {
        return unsafe.compareAndSwapObject(this, headOffset, null, update);
    }
    
    /**
     * CAS tail field. Used only by enq.
     */
    private final boolean compareAndSetTail(Node expect, Node update) {
        return unsafe.compareAndSwapObject(this, tailOffset, expect, update);
    }
    
    /**
     * CAS waitStatus field of a node.
     */
    private static final boolean compareAndSetWaitStatus(Node node,
                                                         int expect,
                                                         int update) {
        return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(node, waitStatusOffset,
                                        expect, update);
    }
    
    /**
     * CAS next field of a node.
     */
    private static final boolean compareAndSetNext(Node node,
                                                   Node expect,
                                                   Node update) {
        return unsafe.compareAndSwapObject(node, nextOffset, expect, update);
    }
}

獲取公平鎖(基於JDK1.7.0_40)

通過前面“Java多線程系列--“JUC鎖”02之 互斥鎖ReentrantLock”的 “示例1”,我們知道,獲取鎖是通過lock()函數。下面,我們以lock()對獲取公平鎖的過程 進行展開。

1. lock()

lock()在ReentrantLock.java的FairSync類中實現,它的源碼如下:

final void lock() {

acquire(1);

}

說明:“當前線程”實際上是通過acquire(1)獲取鎖的。

   這裡說明一下 “1”的含義,它是設置“鎖的狀態”的參數。對於“獨占鎖”而言, 鎖處於可獲取狀態時,它的狀態值是0;鎖被線程初次獲取到了,它的狀態值就變成了1。

   由於ReentrantLock(公平鎖/非公平鎖)是可重入鎖,所以“獨占鎖”可以被單個線程多 此獲取,每獲取1次就將鎖的狀態+1。也就是說,初次獲取鎖時,通過acquire(1)將鎖的狀態值設為1;再 次獲取鎖時,將鎖的狀態值設為2;依次類推...這就是為什麼獲取鎖時,傳入的參數是1的原因了。

   可重入就是指鎖可以被單個線程多次獲取。

2. acquire()

acquire()在AQS中實現的,它的源碼如下:

public final void acquire(int arg) {

if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&

   acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))

   selfInterrupt();

}

(01) “當前線程”首先通過tryAcquire()嘗試獲取鎖。獲取成功的話,直接返回;嘗試失 敗的話,進入到等待隊列排序等待(前面還有可能有需要線程在等待該鎖)。

(02) “當前線程”嘗試失敗的情況下,先通過addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE)來將“當前 線程”加入到"CLH隊列(非阻塞的FIFO隊列)"末尾。CLH隊列就是線程等待隊列。

(03) 再執行完addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE)之後,會調用acquireQueued()來獲取鎖。由於此時 ReentrantLock是公平鎖,它會根據公平性原則來獲取鎖。

(04) “當前線程”在執行acquireQueued()時,會進入到CLH隊列中休眠等待,直到獲取鎖了 才返回!如果“當前線程”在休眠等待過程中被中斷過,acquireQueued會返回true,此時 "當前線程"會調用selfInterrupt()來自己給自己產生一個中斷。至於為什麼要自己給自己產 生一個中斷,後面再介紹。

上面是對acquire()的概括性說明。下面,我們將該函數分為4部分來逐步解析。

一. tryAcquire()

二. addWaiter()

三. acquireQueued()

四. selfInterrupt()

一. tryAcquire()

1. tryAcquire()

公平鎖的tryAcquire()在ReentrantLock.java的FairSync類中實現,源碼如下:

protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
    // 獲取“當前線程”
    final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
    // 獲取“獨占鎖”的狀態
    int c = getState();
    // c=0意味著“鎖沒有被任何線程鎖擁有”,
    if (c == 0) {
        // 若“鎖沒有被任何線程鎖擁有”,
        // 則判斷“當前線程”是不是CLH隊列中的第一個線程線程,
        // 若是的話,則獲取該鎖,設置鎖的狀態,並切設置鎖的擁有者為“當前線程”。
        if (!hasQueuedPredecessors() &&
            compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
            setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
            return true;
        }
    }
    else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
        // 如果“獨占鎖”的擁有者已經為“當前線程”,
        // 則將更新鎖的狀態。
        int nextc = c + acquires;
        if (nextc < 0)
            throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
        setState(nextc);
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

說明:根據代碼,我們可以分析出,tryAcquire()的作用就是嘗試去獲取鎖。注意,這裡只是嘗試!

嘗試成功的話,返回true;嘗試失敗的話,返回false,後續再通過其它辦法來獲取 該鎖。後面我們會說明,在嘗試失敗的情況下,是如何一步步獲取鎖的。

2. hasQueuedPredecessors()

hasQueuedPredecessors()在AQS中實現,源碼如下:

public final boolean hasQueuedPredecessors() {
    Node t = tail; 
    Node h = head;
    Node s;
    return h != t &&
        ((s = h.next) == null || s.thread != Thread.currentThread());
}

說明: 通過代碼,能分析出,hasQueuedPredecessors() 是通過判斷"當前線程"是不是在 CLH隊列的隊首,來返回AQS中是不是有比“當前線程”等待更久的線程。下面對head、tail和 Node進行說明。

3. Node的源碼

Node就是CLH隊列的節點。Node在AQS中實現,它的數據結構如下:

private transient volatile Node head;    // CLH隊列的隊首
private transient volatile Node tail;    // CLH隊列的隊尾
    
// CLH隊列的節點
static final class Node {
    static final Node SHARED = new Node();
    static final Node EXCLUSIVE = null;
    
    // 線程已被取消,對應的waitStatus的值
    static final int CANCELLED =  1;
    // “當前線程的後繼線程需要被unpark(喚醒)”,對應的waitStatus的值。
    // 一般發生情況是:當前線程的後繼線程處於阻塞狀態,而當前線程被release或cancel掉,因此需

要喚醒當前線程的後繼線程。
    static final int SIGNAL    = -1;
    // 線程(處在Condition休眠狀態)在等待Condition喚醒,對應的waitStatus的值
    static final int CONDITION = -2;
    // (共享鎖)其它線程獲取到“共享鎖”,對應的waitStatus的值
    static final int PROPAGATE = -3;
    
    // waitStatus為“CANCELLED, SIGNAL, CONDITION, PROPAGATE”時分別表示不同狀態,
    // 若waitStatus=0,則意味著當前線程不屬於上面的任何一種狀態。
    volatile int waitStatus;
    
    // 前一節點
    volatile Node prev;
    
    // 後一節點
    volatile Node next;
    
    // 節點所對應的線程
    volatile Thread thread;
    
    // nextWaiter是“區別當前CLH隊列是 ‘獨占鎖’隊列 還是 ‘共享鎖

’隊列 的標記”
    // 若nextWaiter=SHARED,則CLH隊列是“獨占鎖”隊列;
    // 若nextWaiter=EXCLUSIVE,(即nextWaiter=null),則CLH隊列是“共享鎖”隊列。
    Node nextWaiter;
    
    // “共享鎖”則返回true,“獨占鎖”則返回false。
    final boolean isShared() {
        return nextWaiter == SHARED;
    }
    
    // 返回前一節點
    final Node predecessor() throws NullPointerException {
        Node p = prev;
        if (p == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        else
            return p;
    }
    
    Node() {    // Used to establish initial head or SHARED marker
    }
    
    // 構造函數。thread是節點所對應的線程,mode是用來表示thread的鎖是“獨占鎖”還

是“共享鎖”。
    Node(Thread thread, Node mode) {     // Used by addWaiter
        this.nextWaiter = mode;
        this.thread = thread;
    }
    
    // 構造函數。thread是節點所對應的線程,waitStatus是線程的等待狀態。
    Node(Thread thread, int waitStatus) { // Used by Condition
        this.waitStatus = waitStatus;
        this.thread = thread;
    }
}

說明:

Node是CLH隊列的節點,代表“等待鎖的線程隊列”。

(01) 每個Node都會一個線程對應。

(02) 每個Node會通過prev和next分別指向上一個節點和下一個節點,這分別代表上一個等待線程和下一 個等待線程。

(03) Node通過waitStatus保存線程的等待狀態。

(04) Node通過nextWaiter來區分線程是“獨占鎖”線程還是“共享鎖”線程。如 果是“獨占鎖”線程,則nextWaiter的值為EXCLUSIVE;如果是“共享鎖”線程, 則nextWaiter的值是SHARED。

4. compareAndSetState()

compareAndSetState()在AQS中實現。它的源碼如下:

protected final boolean compareAndSetState(int expect, int update) {

return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, expect, update);

}

說明: compareAndSwapInt() 是sun.misc.Unsafe類中的一個本地方法。對此,我們需要了解的是 compareAndSetState(expect, update) 是以原子的方式操作當前線程;若當前線程的狀態為expect,則 設置它的狀態為update。

5. setExclusiveOwnerThread()

setExclusiveOwnerThread()在AbstractOwnableSynchronizer.java中實現,它的源碼如下:

// exclusiveOwnerThread是當前擁有“獨占鎖”的線程

private transient Thread exclusiveOwnerThread;

protected final void setExclusiveOwnerThread(Thread t) {

exclusiveOwnerThread = t;

}

說明:setExclusiveOwnerThread()的作用就是,設置線程t為當前擁有“獨占鎖”的線程 。

查看本欄目

6. getState(), setState()

getState()和setState()都在AQS中實現,源碼如下:

// 鎖的狀態
private volatile int state;
// 設置鎖的狀態
protected final void setState(int newState) {
    state = newState;
}
// 獲取鎖的狀態
protected final int getState() {
    return state;
}

說明:state表示鎖的狀態,對於“獨占鎖”而已,state=0表示鎖是可獲取狀態(即,鎖沒 有被任何線程鎖持有)。由於java中的獨占鎖是可重入的,state的值可以>1。

小結:tryAcquire()的作用就是讓“當前線程”嘗試獲取鎖。獲取成功返回true,失敗則 返回false。

二. addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE)

addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE)的作用是,創建“當前線程”的Node節點,且Node中記錄 “當前線程”對應的鎖是“獨占鎖”類型,並且將該節點添加到CLH隊列的末尾。

1.addWaiter()

addWaiter()在AQS中實現,源碼如下:

private Node addWaiter(Node mode) {
    // 新建一個Node節點,節點對應的線程是“當前線程”,“當前線程”的鎖

的模型是mode。
    Node node = new Node(Thread.currentThread(), mode);
    Node pred = tail;
    // 若CLH隊列不為空,則將“當前線程”添加到CLH隊列末尾
    if (pred != null) {
        node.prev = pred;
        if (compareAndSetTail(pred, node)) {
            pred.next = node;

            return node;
        }
    }
    // 若CLH隊列為空,則調用enq()新建CLH隊列,然後再將“當前線程”添加到CLH隊列中

。
    enq(node);
    return node;
}

說明:對於“公平鎖”而言,addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE)會首先創建一個Node節點,節點 的類型是“獨占鎖”(Node.EXCLUSIVE)類型。然後,再將該節點添加到CLH隊列的末尾。

2. compareAndSetTail()

compareAndSetTail()在AQS中實現,源碼如下:

private final boolean compareAndSetTail(Node expect, Node update) {

return unsafe.compareAndSwapObject(this, tailOffset, expect, update);

}

說明:compareAndSetTail也屬於CAS函數,也是通過“本地方法”實現的。 compareAndSetTail(expect, update)會以原子的方式進行操作,它的作用是判斷CLH隊列的隊尾是不是為 expect,是的話,就將隊尾設為update。

3. enq()

enq()在AQS中實現,源碼如下:

private Node enq(final Node node) {
    for (;;) {
        Node t = tail;
        if (t == null) { // Must initialize
            if (compareAndSetHead(new Node()))
                tail = head;
        } else {
            node.prev = t;
            if (compareAndSetTail(t, node)) {
                t.next = node;
                return t;
            }
        }
    }
}

說明: enq()的作用很簡單。如果CLH隊列為空,則新建一個CLH表頭;然後將node添加到CLH末尾。否 則,直接將node添加到CLH末尾。

小結:addWaiter()的作用,就是將當前線程添加到CLH隊列中。這就意味著將當前線程添加到等待獲 取“鎖”的等待線程隊列中了。

三. acquireQueued()

前面,我們已經將當前線程添加到CLH隊列中了。而acquireQueued()的作用就是逐步的去執行CLH隊列 的線程,如果當前線程獲取到了鎖,則返回;否則,當前線程進行休眠,直到喚醒並重新獲取鎖了才返回 。下面,我們看看acquireQueued()的具體流程。

1. acquireQueued()

acquireQueued()在AQS中實現,源碼如下:

final boolean acquireQueued(final Node node, int arg) {
    boolean failed = true;
    try {
        // interrupted表示在CLH隊列的調度中,
        // “當前線程”在休眠時,有沒有被中斷過。
        boolean interrupted = false;
        for (;;) {
            // 獲取上一個節點。
            // node是“當前線程”對應的節點,這裡就意味著“獲取上一個等待鎖的

線程”。
            final Node p = node.predecessor();
            if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
                setHead(node);
                p.next = null; // help GC
                failed = false;
                return interrupted;
            }
            if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
                parkAndCheckInterrupt())
                interrupted = true;
        }
    } finally {
        if (failed)
            cancelAcquire(node);
    }
}

說明:acquireQueued()的目的是從隊列中獲取鎖。

2. shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire()

shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire()在AQS中實現,源碼如下:

// 返回“當前線程是否應該阻塞”
private static boolean shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(Node pred, Node node) {
    // 前繼節點的狀態
    int ws = pred.waitStatus;
    // 如果前繼節點是SIGNAL狀態,則意味這當前線程需要被unpark喚醒。此時,返回true。
    if (ws == Node.SIGNAL)
        return true;
    // 如果前繼節點是“取消”狀態,則設置 “當前節點”的 “當前前繼

節點”  為  “‘原前繼節點’的前繼節點”。
    if (ws > 0) {
        do {
            node.prev = pred = pred.prev;
        } while (pred.waitStatus > 0);
        pred.next = node;
    } else {
        // 如果前繼節點為“0”或者“共享鎖”狀態,則設置前繼節點為SIGNAL

狀態。
        compareAndSetWaitStatus(pred, ws, Node.SIGNAL);
    }
    return false;
}

說明:

(01) 關於waitStatus請參考下表(中擴號內為waitStatus的值),更多關於waitStatus的內容,可以參考 前面的Node類的介紹。

CANCELLED[1]  -- 當前線程已被取消

SIGNAL[-1]    -- “當前線程的後繼線程需要被unpark(喚醒)”。一般發生情況 是:當前線程的後繼線程處於阻塞狀態,而當前線程被release或cancel掉,因此需要喚醒當前線程的後 繼線程。

CONDITION[-2] -- 當前線程(處在Condition休眠狀態)在等待Condition喚醒

PROPAGATE[-3] -- (共享鎖)其它線程獲取到“共享鎖”

[0]           -- 當前線程不屬於上面的任何一種狀態。

(02) shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire()通過以下規則,判斷“當前線程”是否需要被阻塞 。

規則1:如果前繼節點狀態為SIGNAL,表明當前節點需要被unpark(喚醒),此時則返回true。

規則2:如果前繼節點狀態為CANCELLED(ws>0),說明前繼節點已經被取消,則通過先前回溯找到一個 有效(非CANCELLED狀態)的節點,並返回false。

規則3:如果前繼節點狀態為非SIGNAL、非CANCELLED,則設置前繼的狀態為SIGNAL,並返回false。

如果“規則1”發生,即“前繼節點是SIGNAL”狀態,則意味著“當前線 程”需要被阻塞。接下來會調用parkAndCheckInterrupt()阻塞當前線程,直到當前先被喚醒才從 parkAndCheckInterrupt()中返回。

3. parkAndCheckInterrupt())

parkAndCheckInterrupt()在AQS中實現,源碼如下:

private final boolean parkAndCheckInterrupt() {

// 通過LockSupport的park()阻塞“當 前線程”。

LockSupport.park(this);

// 返回線程的中斷狀態。

return Thread.interrupted();

}

說明:parkAndCheckInterrupt()的作用是阻塞當前線程,並且返回“線程被喚醒之後”的 中斷狀態。

它會先通過LockSupport.park()阻塞“當前線程”,然後通過Thread.interrupted()返回線程 的中斷狀態。

這裡介紹一下線程被阻塞之後如何喚醒。一般有2種情況:

第1種情況:unpark()喚醒。“前繼節點對應的線程”使用完鎖之後,通過unpark()方式喚醒 當前線程。

第2種情況:中斷喚醒。其它線程通過interrupt()中斷當前線程。

補充:LockSupport()中的park(),unpark()的作用 和 Object中的wait(),notify()作用類似,是阻塞 /喚醒。

它們的用法不同,park(),unpark()是輕量級的,而wait(),notify()是必須先通過Synchronized獲取同步 鎖。

關於LockSupport,我們會在之後的章節再專門進行介紹!

4. 再次tryAcquire()

了解了shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire()和parkAndCheckInterrupt()函數之後。我們接著分析 acquireQueued()的for循環部分。

final Node p = node.predecessor();
if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
    setHead(node);
    p.next = null; // help GC
    failed = false;
    return interrupted;
}

說明:

(01) 通過node.predecessor()獲取前繼節點。predecessor()就是返回node的前繼節點,若對此有疑惑可 以查看下面關於Node類的介紹。

(02) p == head && tryAcquire(arg)

  首先,判斷“前繼節點”是不是 CHL表頭。如果是的話,則通過tryAcquire()嘗試獲取鎖。

  其實,這樣做的目的是為了 “讓當前線程獲取鎖”,但是為什麼需要先判斷p==head呢?理解這個對理解“公平鎖 ”的機制很重要,因為這麼做的原因就是為了保證公平性!

  (a) 前面,我們在 shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire()我們判斷“當前線程”是否需要阻塞;

  (b) 接 著,“當前線程”阻塞的話,會調用parkAndCheckInterrupt()來阻塞線程。當線程被解除阻 塞的時候,我們會返回線程的中斷狀態。而線程被解決阻塞,可能是由於“線程被中斷”,也 可能是由於“其它線程調用了該線程的unpark()函數”。

  (c) 再回到p==head這裡 。如果當前線程是因為其它線程調用了unpark()函數而被喚醒,那麼喚醒它的線程,應該是它的前繼節點 所對應的線程(關於這一點,後面在“釋放鎖”的過程中會看到)。 OK,是前繼節點調用 unpark()喚醒了當前線程!

       此時,再來理解p==head就很簡單了:當前 繼節點是CLH隊列的頭節點,並且它釋放鎖之後;就輪到當前節點獲取鎖了。然後,當前節點通過 tryAcquire()獲取鎖;獲取成功的話,通過setHead(node)設置當前節點為頭節點,並返回。

  總之,如果“前繼節點調用unpark()喚醒了當前線程”並且“前繼節點是CLH表頭 ”,此時就是滿足p==head,也就是符合公平性原則的。否則,如果當前線程是因為“線程被 中斷”而喚醒,那麼顯然就不是公平了。這就是為什麼說p==head就是保證公平性!

小結:acquireQueued()的作用就是“當前線程”會根據公平性原則進行阻塞等待,直到獲取 鎖為止;並且返回當前線程在等待過程中有沒有並中斷過。

四. selfInterrupt()

selfInterrupt()是AQS中實現,源碼如下:

private static void selfInterrupt() {

Thread.currentThread().interrupt();

}

說明:selfInterrupt()的代碼很簡單,就是“當前線程”自己產生一個中斷。但是,為什 麼需要這麼做呢?

這必須結合acquireQueued()進行分析。如果在acquireQueued()中,當前線程被中斷過,則執行 selfInterrupt();否則不會執行。

在acquireQueued()中,即使是線程在阻塞狀態被中斷喚醒而獲取到cpu執行權利;但是,如果該線程 的前面還有其它等待鎖的線程,根據公平性原則,該線程依然無法獲取到鎖。它會再次阻塞! 該線程再 次阻塞,直到該線程被它的前面等待鎖的線程鎖喚醒;線程才會獲取鎖,然後“真正執行起來 ”!

也就是說,在該線程“成功獲取鎖並真正執行起來”之前,它的中斷會被忽略並且中斷標記會 被清除! 因為在parkAndCheckInterrupt()中,我們線程的中斷狀態時調用了Thread.interrupted()。該 函數不同於Thread的isInterrupted()函數,isInterrupted()僅僅返回中斷狀態,而interrupted()在返 回當前中斷狀態之後,還會清除中斷狀態。 正因為之前的中斷狀態被清除了,所以這裡需要調用 selfInterrupt()重新產生一個中斷!

小結:selfInterrupt()的作用就是當前線程自己產生一個中斷。

總結

再回過頭看看acquire()函數,它最終的目的是獲取鎖!

public final void acquire(int arg) {

if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&

   acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))

   selfInterrupt();

}

(01) 先是通過tryAcquire()嘗試獲取鎖。獲取成功的話,直接返回;嘗試失敗的話,再通過 acquireQueued()獲取鎖。

(02) 嘗試失敗的情況下,會先通過addWaiter()來將“當前線程”加入到"CLH隊列 "末尾;然後調用acquireQueued(),在CLH隊列中排序等待獲取鎖,在此過程中,線程處於休眠狀態 。直到獲取鎖了才返回。 如果在休眠等待過程中被中斷過,則調用selfInterrupt()來自己產生一個中斷 。

  1. 上一頁:
  2. 下一頁:
Copyright © 程式師世界 All Rights Reserved