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Java中使用synchronized和Lock對象獲取對象鎖

編輯：關於JAVA

在並發環境下，解決共享資源沖突問題時，可以考慮使用鎖機制。

1.對象的鎖

所有對象都自動含有單一的鎖。

JVM負責跟蹤對象被加鎖的次數。如果一個對象被解鎖，其計數變為0。在任務（線程）第一次給對象加鎖的時候，計數變為1。每當這個相同的任務（線程）在此對象上獲得鎖時，計數會遞增。

只有首先獲得鎖的任務（線程）才能繼續獲取該對象上的多個鎖。

每當任務離開一個synchronized方法，計數遞減，當計數為0的時候，鎖被完全釋放，此時別的任務就可以使用此資源。

2.synchronized同步塊

2.1同步到單一對象鎖

當使用同步塊時，如果方法下的同步塊都同步到一個對象上的鎖，則所有的任務（線程）只能互斥的進入這些同步塊。

Resource1.java演示了三個線程（包括main線程）試圖進入某個類的三個不同的方法的同步塊中，雖然這些同步塊處在不同的方法中，但由於是同步到同一個對象（當前對象 synchronized (this)），所以對它們的方法依然是互斥的。

Resource1.java

package com.zj.lock;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class Resource1 {
    public void f() {
       // other operations should not be locked...
       System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
              + ":not synchronized in f()");
       synchronized (this) {
           for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
              System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                     + ":synchronized in f()");
              try {
                  TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
              } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
           }
       }
    }

    public void g() {
       // other operations should not be locked...
       System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
              + ":not synchronized in g()");
       synchronized (this) {
           for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
              System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                     + ":synchronized in g()");
              try {
                  TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
              } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
           }
       }
    }

    public void h() {
       // other operations should not be locked...
       System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
              + ":not synchronized in h()");
       synchronized (this) {
           for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
              System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                     + ":synchronized in h()");
              try {
                  TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
              } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
           }
       }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
       final Resource1 rs = new Resource1();

       new Thread() {
           public void run() {
              rs.f();
           }
       }.start();

       new Thread() {
           public void run() {
              rs.g();
           }
       }.start();

       rs.h();
    }
}

結果：

Thread-0:not synchronized in f()

Thread-0:synchronized in f()

main:not synchronized in h()

Thread-1:not synchronized in g()

Thread-0:synchronized in f()

Thread-1:synchronized in g()

main:synchronized in h()

2.2 同步到多個對象鎖

Resource1.java演示了三個線程（包括main線程）試圖進入某個類的三個不同的方法的同步塊中，這些同步塊處在不同的方法中，並且是同步到三個不同的對象（synchronized (this)，synchronized (syncObject1)，synchronized (syncObject2)），所以對它們的方法中的臨界資源訪問是獨立的。

Resource2.java

package com.zj.lock;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
public class Resource2 {
    private Object syncObject1 = new Object();
    private Object syncObject2 = new Object();
 
    public void f() {
       // other operations should not be locked...
       System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
              + ":not synchronized in f()");
       synchronized (this) {
           for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
              System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                     + ":synchronized in f()");
              try {
                  TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
              } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
           }
       }
    }
 
    public void g() {
       // other operations should not be locked...
       System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
              + ":not synchronized in g()");
       synchronized (syncObject1) {
           for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
              System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                     + ":synchronized in g()");
              try {
                  TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
              } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
           }
       }
    }
 
    public void h() {
       // other operations should not be locked...
       System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
              + ":not synchronized in h()");
       synchronized (syncObject2) {
           for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
              System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                     + ":synchronized in h()");
              try {
                  TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
              } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
           }
       }
    }
 
    public static void main(String[] args) {
       final Resource2 rs = new Resource2();
 
       new Thread() {
           public void run() {
              rs.f();
           }
       }.start();
 
       new Thread() {
           public void run() {
              rs.g();
           }
       }.start();
 
       rs.h();
    }
}

結果：

Thread-0:not synchronized in f()

Thread-0:synchronized in f()

main:not synchronized in h()

main:synchronized in h()

Thread-1:not synchronized in g()

Thread-1:synchronized in g()

Thread-0:synchronized in f()

main:synchronized in h()

Thread-1:synchronized in g()

Thread-0:synchronized in f()

main:synchronized in h()

Thread-1:synchronized in g()

Thread-0:synchronized in f()

main:synchronized in h()

Thread-1:synchronized in g()

Thread-0:synchronized in f()

main:synchronized in h()

Thread-1:synchronized in g()

3.Lock對象鎖

除了使用synchronized外，還可以使用Lock對象來創建臨界區。Resource3.java的演示效果同Resource1.java；Resource4.java的演示效果同Resource2.java。

Resource3.java

package com.zj.lock;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
 
public class Resource3 {
    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
 
    public void f() {
       // other operations should not be locked...
       System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
              + ":not synchronized in f()");
       lock.lock();
       try {
           for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
              System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                     + ":synchronized in f()");
              try {
                  TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
              } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
           }
       } finally {
           lock.unlock();
       }
    }
 
    public void g() {
       // other operations should not be locked...
       System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
              + ":not synchronized in g()");
       lock.lock();
       try {
           for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
              System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                     + ":synchronized in g()");
              try {
                  TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
              } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
           }
       } finally {
           lock.unlock();
       }
    }
 
    public void h() {
       // other operations should not be locked...
       System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
              + ":not synchronized in h()");
       lock.lock();
       try {
           for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
              System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                     + ":synchronized in h()");
              try {
                  TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
              } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
           }
       } finally {
           lock.unlock();
       }
    }
 
    public static void main(String[] args) {
       final Resource3 rs = new Resource3();
 
       new Thread() {
           public void run() {
              rs.f();
           }
       }.start();
 
       new Thread() {
           public void run() {
              rs.g();
           }
       }.start();
 
       rs.h();
    }
}

結果：

Thread-0:not synchronized in f()

Thread-0:synchronized in f()

main:not synchronized in h()

Thread-1:not synchronized in g()

Thread-0:synchronized in f()

main:synchronized in h()

Thread-1:synchronized in g()

Resource4.java

package com.zj.lock;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
 
public class Resource4 {
    private Lock lock1 = new ReentrantLock();
    private Lock lock2 = new ReentrantLock();
    private Lock lock3 = new ReentrantLock();
 
    public void f() {
       // other operations should not be locked...
       System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
              + ":not synchronized in f()");
       lock1.lock();
       try {
           for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
              System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                     + ":synchronized in f()");
              try {
                  TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
              } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
           }
       } finally {
           lock1.unlock();
       }
    }
 
    public void g() {
       // other operations should not be locked...
       System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
              + ":not synchronized in g()");
       lock2.lock();
       try {
           for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
              System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                     + ":synchronized in g()");
              try {
                  TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
              } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
           }
       } finally {
           lock2.unlock();
       }
    }
 
    public void h() {
       // other operations should not be locked...
       System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
              + ":not synchronized in h()");
       lock3.lock();
       try {
           for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
              System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                     + ":synchronized in h()");
              try {
                  TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
              } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
           }
       } finally {
           lock3.unlock();
       }
    }
 
    public static void main(String[] args) {
       final Resource4 rs = new Resource4();
 
       new Thread() {
           public void run() {
              rs.f();
           }
       }.start();
 
       new Thread() {
           public void run() {
              rs.g();
           }
       }.start();
 
       rs.h();
    }
}