接下來我們分析DH加密算法,一種適基於密鑰一致協議的加密算法。
DH
Diffie-Hellman算法(D-H算法),密鑰一致協議。是由公開密鑰密碼體制的奠基人Diffie和Hellman所提出的一種思想。簡單的說就是允許兩名用戶在公開媒體上交換信息以生成"一致"的、可以共享的密鑰。換句話說,就是由甲方產出一對密鑰(公鑰、私鑰),乙方依照甲方公鑰產生乙方密鑰對(公鑰、私鑰)。以此為基線,作為數據傳輸保密基礎,同時雙方使用同一種對稱加密算法構建本地密鑰(SecretKey)對數據加密。這樣,在互通了本地密鑰(SecretKey)算法後,甲乙雙方公開自己的公鑰,使用對方的公鑰和剛才產生的私鑰加密數據,同時可以使用對方的公鑰和自己的私鑰對數據解密。不單單是甲乙雙方兩方,可以擴展為多方共享數據通訊,這樣就完成了網絡交互數據的安全通訊!該算法源於中國的同余定理——中國馀數定理。
流程分析:
1.甲方構建密鑰對兒,將公鑰公布給乙方,將私鑰保留;雙方約定數據加密算法;乙方通過甲方公鑰構建密鑰對兒,將公鑰公布給甲方,將私鑰保留。
2.甲方使用私鑰、乙方公鑰、約定數據加密算法構建本地密鑰,然後通過本地密鑰加密數據,發送給乙方加密後的數據;乙方使用私鑰、甲方公鑰、約定數據加密算法構建本地密鑰,然後通過本地密鑰對數據解密。
3.乙方使用私鑰、甲方公鑰、約定數據加密算法構建本地密鑰,然後通過本地密鑰加密數據,發送給甲方加密後的數據;甲方使用私鑰、乙方公鑰、約定數據加密算法構建本地密鑰,然後通過本地密鑰對數據解密。
通過java代碼實現如下:Coder類見 Java加密技術(一)
Java代碼
import java.security.Key;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.PublicKey;
import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.KeyAgreement;
import javax.crypto.SecretKey;
import javax.crypto.interfaces.DHPrivateKey;
import javax.crypto.interfaces.DHPublicKey;
import javax.crypto.spec.DHParameterSpec;
/**
* DH安全編碼組件
*
* @author 梁棟
* @version 1.0
* @since 1.0
*/
public abstract class DHCoder extends Coder {
public static final String ALGORITHM = "DH";
/**
* 默認密鑰字節數
*
* <pre>
* DH
* Default Keysize 1024
* Keysize must be a multiple of 64, ranging from 512 to 1024 (inclusive).
* </pre>
*/
private static final int KEY_SIZE = 1024;
/**
* DH加密下需要一種對稱加密算法對數據加密,這裡我們使用DES,也可以使用其他對稱加密算法。
*/
public static final String SECRET_ALGORITHM = "DES";
private static final String PUBLIC_KEY = "DHPublicKey";
private static final String PRIVATE_KEY = "DHPrivateKey";
/**
* 初始化甲方密鑰
*
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static Map<String, Object> initKey() throws Exception {
KeyPairGenerator keyPairGenerator = KeyPairGenerator
.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
keyPairGenerator.initialize(KEY_SIZE);
KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGenerator.generateKeyPair();
// 甲方公鑰
DHPublicKey publicKey = (DHPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic();
// 甲方私鑰
DHPrivateKey privateKey = (DHPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate();
Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(2);
keyMap.put(PUBLIC_KEY, publicKey);
keyMap.put(PRIVATE_KEY, privateKey);
return keyMap;
}
/**
* 初始化乙方密鑰
*
* @param key
* 甲方公鑰
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static Map<String, Object> initKey(String key) throws Exception {
// 解析甲方公鑰
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);
X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
PublicKey pubKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec);
// 由甲方公鑰構建乙方密鑰
DHParameterSpec dhParamSpec = ((DHPublicKey) pubKey).getParams();
KeyPairGenerator keyPairGenerator = KeyPairGenerator
.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
keyPairGenerator.initialize(dhParamSpec);
KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGenerator.generateKeyPair();
// 乙方公鑰
DHPublicKey publicKey = (DHPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic();
// 乙方私鑰
DHPrivateKey privateKey = (DHPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate();
Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(2);
keyMap.put(PUBLIC_KEY, publicKey);
keyMap.put(PRIVATE_KEY, privateKey);
return keyMap;
}
/**
* 加密<br>
*
* @param data
* 待加密數據
* @param publicKey
* 甲方公鑰
* @param privateKey
* 乙方私鑰
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] encrypt(byte[] data, String publicKey,
String privateKey) throws Exception {
// 生成本地密鑰
SecretKey secretKey = getSecretKey(publicKey, privateKey);
// 數據加密
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(secretKey.getAlgorithm());
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKey);
return cipher.doFinal(data);
}
/**
* 解密<br>
*
* @param data
* 待解密數據
* @param publicKey
* 乙方公鑰
* @param privateKey
* 乙方私鑰
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] decrypt(byte[] data, String publicKey,
String privateKey) throws Exception {
// 生成本地密鑰
SecretKey secretKey = getSecretKey(publicKey, privateKey);
// 數據解密
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(secretKey.getAlgorithm());
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, secretKey);
return cipher.doFinal(data);
}
/**
* 構建密鑰
*
* @param publicKey
* 公鑰
* @param privateKey
* 私鑰
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
private static SecretKey getSecretKey(String publicKey, String privateKey)
throws Exception {
// 初始化公鑰
byte[] pubKeyBytes = decryptBASE64(publicKey);
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(pubKeyBytes);
PublicKey pubKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec);
// 初始化私鑰
byte[] priKeyBytes = decryptBASE64(privateKey);
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(priKeyBytes);
Key priKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);
KeyAgreement keyAgree = KeyAgreement.getInstance(keyFactory
.getAlgorithm());
keyAgree.init(priKey);
keyAgree.doPhase(pubKey, true);
// 生成本地密鑰
SecretKey secretKey = keyAgree.generateSecret(SECRET_ALGORITHM);
return secretKey;
}
/**
* 取得私鑰
*
* @param keyMap
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static String getPrivateKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)
throws Exception {
Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PRIVATE_KEY);
return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded());
}
/**
* 取得公鑰
*
* @param keyMap
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static String getPublicKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)
throws Exception {
Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PUBLIC_KEY);
return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded());
}
}
再給出一個測試類:
Java代碼
import static org.junit.Assert.*; import java.util.Map; import org.junit.Test; /** *//** * * @author 梁棟 http://www.bt285.cn http://www.feng123.com * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */ public class DHCoderTest { @Test public void test() throws Exception { // 生成甲方密鑰對兒 Map<String, Object> aKeyMap = DHCoder.initKey(); String aPublicKey = DHCoder.getPublicKey(aKeyMap); String aPrivateKey = DHCoder.getPrivateKey(aKeyMap); System.err.println("甲方公鑰:\r" + aPublicKey); System.err.println("甲方私鑰:\r" + aPrivateKey); // 由甲方公鑰產生本地密鑰對兒 Map<String, Object> bKeyMap = DHCoder.initKey(aPublicKey); String bPublicKey = DHCoder.getPublicKey(bKeyMap); String bPrivateKey = DHCoder.getPrivateKey(bKeyMap); System.err.println("乙方公鑰:\r" + bPublicKey); System.err.println("乙方私鑰:\r" + bPrivateKey); String aInput = "abc "; System.err.println("原文: " + aInput); // 由甲方公鑰,乙方私鑰構建密文 byte[] aCode = DHCoder.encrypt(aInput.getBytes(), aPublicKey, bPrivateKey); // 由乙方公鑰,甲方私鑰解密 byte[] aDecode = DHCoder.decrypt(aCode, bPublicKey, aPrivateKey); String aOutput = (new String(aDecode)); System.err.println("解密: " + aOutput); assertEquals(aInput, aOutput); System.err.println(" ===============反過來加密解密================== "); String bInput = "def "; System.err.println("原文: " + bInput); // 由乙方公鑰,甲方私鑰構建密文 byte[] bCode = DHCoder.encrypt(bInput.getBytes(), bPublicKey, aPrivateKey); // 由甲方公鑰,乙方私鑰解密 byte[] bDecode = DHCoder.decrypt(bCode, aPublicKey, bPrivateKey); String bOutput = (new String(bDecode)); System.err.println("解密: " + bOutput); assertEquals(bInput, bOutput); } }
控制台輸出:
Console代碼
甲方公鑰:
MIHfMIGXBgkqhkiG9w0BAwEwgYkCQQD8poLOjhLKuibvzPcRDlJtsHiwXt7LzR60ogjzrhYXrgHz
W5Gkfm32NBPF4S7QiZvNEyrNUNmRUb3EPuc3WS4XAkBnhHGyepz0TukaScUUfbGpqvJE8FpDTWSG
kx0tFCcbnjUDC3H9c9oXkGmzLik1Yw4cIGI1TQ2iCmxBblC+eUykAgIBgANDAAJAdAWBVmIzqcko
Ej6qFjLDL2+Y3FPq1iRbnOyOpDj71yKaK1K+FhTv04B0zy4DKcvAASV7/Gv0W+bgqdmffRkqrQ==
甲方私鑰:
MIHRAgEAMIGXBgkqhkiG9w0BAwEwgYkCQQD8poLOjhLKuibvzPcRDlJtsHiwXt7LzR60ogjzrhYX
rgHzW5Gkfm32NBPF4S7QiZvNEyrNUNmRUb3EPuc3WS4XAkBnhHGyepz0TukaScUUfbGpqvJE8FpD
TWSGkx0tFCcbnjUDC3H9c9oXkGmzLik1Yw4cIGI1TQ2iCmxBblC+eUykAgIBgAQyAjACJRfy1LyR
eHyD+4Hfb+xR0uoIGR1oL9i9Nk6g2AAuaDPgEVWHn+QXID13yL/uDos=
乙方公鑰:
MIHfMIGXBgkqhkiG9w0BAwEwgYkCQQD8poLOjhLKuibvzPcRDlJtsHiwXt7LzR60ogjzrhYXrgHz
W5Gkfm32NBPF4S7QiZvNEyrNUNmRUb3EPuc3WS4XAkBnhHGyepz0TukaScUUfbGpqvJE8FpDTWSG
kx0tFCcbnjUDC3H9c9oXkGmzLik1Yw4cIGI1TQ2iCmxBblC+eUykAgIBgANDAAJAVEYSfBA+I9nr
dWw3OBv475C+eBrWBBYqt0m6/eu4ptuDQHwV4MmUtKAC2wc2nNrdb1wmBhY1X8RnWkJ1XmdDbQ==
乙方私鑰:
MIHSAgEAMIGXBgkqhkiG9w0BAwEwgYkCQQD8poLOjhLKuibvzPcRDlJtsHiwXt7LzR60ogjzrhYX
rgHzW5Gkfm32NBPF4S7QiZvNEyrNUNmRUb3EPuc3WS4XAkBnhHGyepz0TukaScUUfbGpqvJE8FpD
TWSGkx0tFCcbnjUDC3H9c9oXkGmzLik1Yw4cIGI1TQ2iCmxBblC+eUykAgIBgAQzAjEAqaZiCdXp
2iNpdBlHRaO9ir70wo2n32xNlIzIX19VLSPCDdeUWkgRv4CEj/8k+/yd
原文: abc
解密: abc
===============反過來加密解密==================
原文: def
解密: def
如我所言,甲乙雙方在獲得對方公鑰後可以對發送給對方的數據加密,同時也能對接收到的數據解密,達到了數據安全通信的目的!