代理模式(Proxy),它是對簡單處理程序(或指針)的增強,用於引用一個對象:這個指針被代理(Proxy)對象取代,代理對象位於客戶端(Client)和真實執行程序之間,指針有一個可被多個目標利用的鉤子。
從技術上講,這種模式在客戶端和真實主體(RealSubject)之間插入一個代理對象,維護subject接口和用不同的方式委派它的方法。代理可以透明地做任何事情:懶散創建RealSubject或載入數據,與其它機器交換消息,寫時復制策略等。這與HTTP代理有點類似,其客戶端(如浏覽器)和應用程序依賴於與HTTP服務器的聯系,代理在管理連接時可以完成其它任務,如訪問控制和緩存大型下載文件。
代理模式的對象圖與裝飾模式對象圖在結構上類似,但表達的目的各有不同,裝飾者給對象動態增加行為,而代理則控制來自客戶端的訪問。此外,代理只在需要時才創建RealSubject。
參與者:
◆客戶端(Client):取決於主體(Subject)實現;
◆主體(Subject):RealSubject的抽象;
◆真實主體(RealSubject):完成代價高昂的工作或包含大量的數據;
◆代理(Proxy):為Client提供一個與Subject一致的引用,僅在需要時才創建RealSubject實例或與RealSubject實例通信。
下面是兩個被廣泛使用的代理模式例子:
1、對象-關系映射(Orms)在運行中創建代理作為實體類的子類,以實現懶散加載(虛擬代理),這個代理會覆蓋所有實體方法,在前面追加一個載入程序,在方法被真正調用前不會包含任何數據,Orms代理支持對象間的雙向關系,不用加載整個數據庫,因為它們被置於當前加載對象圖的邊界。
2、Java RMI使用遠程代理對象(遠程代理),當它們的方法被調用時,代理序列化參數,執行網絡上的請求,委托調用另一個節點上的真實對象,這種技術允許透明地調用遠程對象,不用擔心它們是否在同一台機器上,但這種透明度很容易會使執行速度變慢。
下面的代碼示例實現了一個ImageProxy,推遲了圖像數據的加載。
復制代碼 代碼如下:
/**
* Subject interface.
* Client depends only on this abstraction.
*/
interface Image
{
public function getWidth();
public function getHeight();
public function getPath();
/**
* @return string the image's byte stream
*/
public function dump();
}
/**
* Abstract class to avoid repetition of boilerplate code in the Proxy
* and in the Subject. Only the methods which can be provided without
* instancing the RealSubject are present here.
*/
abstract class AbstractImage implements Image
{
protected $_width;
protected $_height;
protected $_path;
protected $_data;
public function getWidth()
{
return $this->_width;
}
public function getHeight()
{
return $this->_height;
}
public function getPath()
{
return $this->_path;
}
}
/**
* The RealSubject. Always loads the image, even if no dump of the data
* is required.
*/
class RawImage extends AbstractImage
{
public function __construct($path)
{
$this->_path = $path;
list ($this->_width, $this->_height) = getimagesize($path);
$this->_data = file_get_contents($path);
}
public function dump()
{
return $this->_data;
}
}
/**
* Proxy. Defers loading the image data until it becomes really mandatory.
* This class does its best to postpone the very expensive operations
* such as the actual loading of the BLOB.
*/
class ImageProxy extends AbstractImage
{
public function __construct($path)
{
$this->_path = $path;
list ($this->_width, $this->_height) = getimagesize($path);
}
/**
* Creates a RawImage and exploits its functionalities.
*/
protected function _lazyLoad()
{
if ($this->_realImage === null) {
$this->_realImage = new RawImage($this->_path);
}
}
public function dump()
{
$this->_lazyLoad();
return $this->_realImage->dump();
}
}
/**
* Client class that does not use the data dump of the image.
* Passing blindly a Proxy to this class and to other Clients makes sense
* as the data would be loaded anyway when Image::dump() is called.
*/
class Client
{
public function tag(Image $img)
{
return ';
}
}
$path = '/home/giorgio/shared/Immagini/kiki.png';
$client = new Client();
$image = new RawImage($path); // loading of the BLOB takes place
echo $client->tag($image), "\n";
$proxy = new ImageProxy($path);
echo $client->tag($proxy), "\n"; // loading does not take place even here
以上代碼實現了PHP的代理模式。簡單來講,代理模式就是為其他對象提供一個代理以控制對這個對象的訪問。