日期類型 存儲空間 日期格式 日期范圍 ------------ --------- --------------------- ----------------------------------------- datetime 8 bytes YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS 1000-01-01 00:00:00 ~ 9999-12-31 23:59:59 timestamp 4 bytes YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS 1970-01-01 00:00:01 ~ 2038 date 3 bytes YYYY-MM-DD 1000-01-01 ~ 9999-12-31 year 1 bytes YYYY 1901 ~ 2155
另外,timestamp 類型的列還有個特性:默認情況下,在 insert, update 數據時,timestamp 列會自動以當前時間(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)填充/更新。“自動”的意思就是,你不去管它,MySQL 會替你去處理。 建表的代碼為: create table t8 ( `id1` timestamp NOT NULL default CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, `id2` datetime default NULL );
一般情況下,我傾向於使用 datetime 日期類型。
兩者之間的比較:
1. timestamp容易所支持的范圍比timedate要小。 並且容易出現超出的情況
2. timestamp比較受時區timezone的影響以及MYSQL版本和服務器的SQL MODE的影響.
時間類型 存儲空間 時間格式 時間范圍 ------------ --------- --------------------- ----------------------------------------- time 3 bytes HH:MM:SS -838:59:59 ~ 838:59:59 time 時間范圍居然有這麼大的范圍,特別是 time 可以取負值,有點奇怪。後來,看了 MySQL 手冊才知道這是為了滿足兩個日期時間相減才這樣設計的。 比如下面: select timediff('2000:01:31 23:59:59', '2000:01:01 00:00:00'); -- 743:59:59 select timediff('2000:01:01 00:00:00', '2000:01:31 23:59:59'); -- -743:59:59 select timediff('23:59:59', '12:00:00'); -- 11:59:59
注意,timediff 的兩個參數只能是 datetime/timestamp, time 類型的,並且這兩個參數類型要相同。即:datetime/timestamp 和 datetime/timestamp 比較;time 和 time 相比較。
相關知識 參考:http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/date-and-time-functions.html
雖然 MySQL 中的日期時間類型比較豐富,但遺憾的是,目前(2008-08-08)這些日期時間類型只能支持到秒級別,不支持毫秒、微秒。也沒有產生毫秒的函數。mysql> select now(); +-----------------------------+ | now() | +-----------------------------+ | 2014-10-29 10:52:57 | +-----------------------------+
current_timestamp() current_timestamp localtime() localtime localtimestamp -- (v4.0.6) localtimestamp() -- (v4.0.6)這些日期時間函數,都等同於 now()。鑒於 now() 函數簡短易記,建議總是使用 now() 來替代上面列出的函數。
mysql> select now(), sleep(3), now(); +-----------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------+ | now() | sleep(3) | now() | +-----------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------+ | 2014-10-29 10:55:11 | 0 | 2014-10-29 10:55:11 | +-----------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------+ mysql> select sysdate(), sleep(3), sysdate(); +-----------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------+ | sysdate() | sleep(3) |sysdate() | +-----------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------+ | 2014-10-29 10:55:11 | 0 | 2014-10-29 10:55:14 | +-----------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------+
mysql> select curdate(); +----------------+ | curdate() | +----------------+ | 2014-10-29 | +----------------+
current_date() current_date
mysql> select curtime(); +-----------+ | curtime() | +-----------+ | 10:59:58 | +-----------+
current_time() current_time
mysql> select utc_timestamp(), utc_date(), utc_time(), now() ; +-------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------------------+ | utc_timestamp() | utc_date() | utc_time() | now() | +-------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------------------+ | 2014-10-29 03:00:55 | 2014-10-29 | 03:00:55 | 2014-10-29 11:00:55 | +-------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------------------+
set @dt = '2008-09-10 07:15:30.123456'; select date(@dt); -- 2008-09-10 select time(@dt); -- 07:15:30.123456 select year(@dt); -- 2008 select quarter(@dt); -- 3 select month(@dt); -- 9 select week(@dt); -- 36 select day(@dt); -- 10 select hour(@dt); -- 7 select minute(@dt); -- 15 select second(@dt); -- 30 select microsecond(@dt); -- 123456 5.2. MySQL Extract() 函數,可以上面實現類似的功能:
set @dt = '2008-09-10 07:15:30.123456'; select extract(year from @dt); -- 2008 select extract(quarter from @dt); -- 3 select extract(month from @dt); -- 9 select extract(week from @dt); -- 36 select extract(day from @dt); -- 10 select extract(hour from @dt); -- 7 select extract(minute from @dt); -- 15 select extract(second from @dt); -- 30 select extract(microsecond from @dt); -- 123456 select extract(year_month from @dt); -- 200809 select extract(day_hour from @dt); -- 1007 select extract(day_minute from @dt); -- 100715 select extract(day_second from @dt); -- 10071530 select extract(day_microsecond from @dt); -- 10071530123456 select extract(hour_minute from @dt); -- 715 select extract(hour_second from @dt); -- 71530 select extract(hour_microsecond from @dt); -- 71530123456 select extract(minute_second from @dt); -- 1530 select extract(minute_microsecond from @dt); -- 1530123456 select extract(second_microsecond from @dt); -- 30123456
set @dt = '2008-08-08'; select dayofweek(@dt); -- 6 select dayofmonth(@dt); -- 8 select dayofyear(@dt); -- 221日期 '2008-08-08' 是一周中的第 6 天(1 = Sunday, 2 = Monday, ..., 7 = Saturday);一月中的第 8 天;一年中的第 221 天。
set @dt = '2008-08-08'; select week(@dt); -- 31 select week(@dt,3); -- 32 select weekofyear(@dt); -- 32 select dayofweek(@dt); -- 6 select weekday(@dt); -- 4 select yearweek(@dt); -- 200831
set @dt = '2008-08-08'; select dayname(@dt); -- Friday select monthname(@dt); -- August
select last_day('2008-02-01'); -- 2008-02-29 select last_day('2008-08-08'); -- 2008-08-31 MySQL last_day() 函數非常有用,比如我想得到當前月份中有多少天,可以這樣來計算: mysql> select now(), day(last_day(now())) as days; +---------------------+------+ | now() | days | +---------------------+------+ | 2014-10-29 11:06:55 | 31 | +---------------------+------+
set @dt = now(); select date_add(@dt, interval 1 day); -- add 1 day select date_add(@dt, interval 1 hour); -- add 1 hour select date_add(@dt, interval 1 minute); -- ... select date_add(@dt, interval 1 second); select date_add(@dt, interval 1 microsecond); select date_add(@dt, interval 1 week); select date_add(@dt, interval 1 month); select date_add(@dt, interval 1 quarter); select date_add(@dt, interval 1 year); select date_add(@dt, interval -1 day); -- sub 1 day MySQL adddate(), addtime()函數,可以用 date_add() 來替代。下面是 date_add() 實現 addtime() 功能示例: mysql> set @dt = '2008-08-09 12:12:33'; mysql> select date_add(@dt, interval '01:15:30' hour_second); +------------------------------------------------+ | date_add(@dt, interval '01:15:30' hour_second) | +------------------------------------------------+ | 2008-08-09 13:28:03 | +------------------------------------------------+ mysql> select date_add(@dt, interval '1 01:15:30' day_second); +-------------------------------------------------+ | date_add(@dt, interval '1 01:15:30' day_second) | +-------------------------------------------------+ | 2008-08-10 13:28:03 | +-------------------------------------------------+
mysql> select date_sub('1998-01-01 00:00:00', interval '1 1:1:1' day_second); +----------------------------------------------------------------+ | date_sub('1998-01-01 00:00:00', interval '1 1:1:1' day_second) | +----------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1997-12-30 22:58:59 | +----------------------------------------------------------------+
MySQL period_add(P,N):日期加/減去N月。 mysql> select period_add(200808,2), period_add(20080808,-2) +----------------------+-------------------------+ | period_add(200808,2) | period_add(20080808,-2) | +----------------------+-------------------------+ | 200810 | 20080806 | +----------------------+-------------------------+ MySQL period_diff(P1,P2):日期 P1-P2,返回 N 個月。 mysql> select period_diff(200808, 200801); +-----------------------------+ | period_diff(200808, 200801) | +-----------------------------+ | 7 | +-----------------------------+ 在 MySQL 中,這兩個日期函數,一般情況下很少用到。
MySQL datediff(date1,date2):兩個日期相減 date1 - date2,返回天數。 select datediff('2008-08-08', '2008-08-01'); -- 7 select datediff('2008-08-01', '2008-08-08'); -- -7 MySQL timediff(time1,time2):兩個日期相減 time1 - time2,返回 time 差值。 select timediff('2008-08-08 08:08:08', '2008-08-08 00:00:00'); -- 08:08:08 select timediff('08:08:08', '00:00:00'); -- 08:08:08 注意:timediff(time1,time2) 函數的兩個參數類型必須相同。
select time_to_sec('01:00:05'); -- 3605 select sec_to_time(3605); -- '01:00:05'
select to_days('0000-00-00'); -- 0 select to_days('2008-08-08'); -- 733627 select from_days(0); -- '0000-00-00' select from_days(733627); -- '2008-08-08'
select str_to_date('08/09/2008', '%m/%d/%Y'); -- 2008-08-09 select str_to_date('08/09/08' , '%m/%d/%y'); -- 2008-08-09 select str_to_date('08.09.2008', '%m.%d.%Y'); -- 2008-08-09 select str_to_date('08:09:30', '%h:%i:%s'); -- 08:09:30 select str_to_date('08.09.2008 08:09:30', '%m.%d.%Y %h:%i:%s'); -- 2008-08-09 08:09:30
mysql> select date_format('2008-08-08 22:23:00', '%W %M %Y'); +------------------------------------------------+ | date_format('2008-08-08 22:23:00', '%W %M %Y') | +------------------------------------------------+ | Friday August 2008 | +------------------------------------------------+ mysql> select date_format('2008-08-08 22:23:01', '%Y%m%d%H%i%s'); +----------------------------------------------------+ | date_format('2008-08-08 22:23:01', '%Y%m%d%H%i%s') | +----------------------------------------------------+ | 20080808222301 | +----------------------------------------------------+ mysql> select time_format('22:23:01', '%H.%i.%s'); +-------------------------------------+ | time_format('22:23:01', '%H.%i.%s') | +-------------------------------------+ | 22.23.01 | +-------------------------------------+ MySQL 日期、時間轉換函數:date_format(date,format), time_format(time,format) 能夠把一個日期/時間轉換成各種各樣的字符串格式。它是 str_to_date(str,format) 函數的 一個逆轉換。
MySQL get_format() 語法: get_format(date|time|datetime, 'eur'|'usa'|'jis'|'iso'|'internal' MySQL get_format() 用法的全部示例: select get_format(date,'usa') ; -- '%m.%d.%Y' select get_format(date,'jis') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d' select get_format(date,'iso') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d' select get_format(date,'eur') ; -- '%d.%m.%Y' select get_format(date,'internal') ; -- '%Y%m%d' select get_format(datetime,'usa') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d %H.%i.%s' select get_format(datetime,'jis') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s' select get_format(datetime,'iso') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s' select get_format(datetime,'eur') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d %H.%i.%s' select get_format(datetime,'internal') ; -- '%Y%m%d%H%i%s' select get_format(time,'usa') ; -- '%h:%i:%s %p' select get_format(time,'jis') ; -- '%H:%i:%s' select get_format(time,'iso') ; -- '%H:%i:%s' select get_format(time,'eur') ; -- '%H.%i.%s' select get_format(time,'internal') ; -- '%H%i%s' MySQL get_format() 函數在實際中用到機會的比較少。
select makedate(2001,31); -- '2001-01-31' select makedate(2001,32); -- '2001-02-01' select maketime(12,15,30); -- '12:15:30'
mysql> select current_timestamp, current_timestamp(); +---------------------+---------------------+ | current_timestamp | current_timestamp() | +---------------------+---------------------+ | 2008-08-09 23:22:24 | 2008-08-09 23:22:24 | +---------------------+---------------------+
unix_timestamp(), unix_timestamp(date), from_unixtime(unix_timestamp), from_unixtime(unix_timestamp,format) 下面是示例: select unix_timestamp(); -- 1218290027 select unix_timestamp('2008-08-08'); -- 1218124800 select unix_timestamp('2008-08-08 12:30:00'); -- 1218169800 select from_unixtime(1218290027); -- '2008-08-09 21:53:47' select from_unixtime(1218124800); -- '2008-08-08 00:00:00' select from_unixtime(1218169800); -- '2008-08-08 12:30:00' select from_unixtime(1218169800, '%Y %D %M %h:%i:%s %x'); -- '2008 8th August 12:30:00 2008'
timestamp(date) -- date to timestamp timestamp(dt,time) -- dt + time timestampadd(unit,interval,datetime_expr) -- timestampdiff(unit,datetime_expr1,datetime_expr2) --
select timestamp('2008-08-08'); -- 2008-08-08 00:00:00 select timestamp('2008-08-08 08:00:00', '01:01:01'); -- 2008-08-08 09:01:01 select timestamp('2008-08-08 08:00:00', '10 01:01:01'); -- 2008-08-18 09:01:01 select timestampadd(day, 1, '2008-08-08 08:00:00'); -- 2008-08-09 08:00:00 select date_add('2008-08-08 08:00:00', interval 1 day); -- 2008-08-09 08:00:00 MySQL timestampadd() 函數類似於 date_add()。 select timestampdiff(year,'2002-05-01','2001-01-01'); -- -1 select timestampdiff(day ,'2002-05-01','2001-01-01'); -- -485 select timestampdiff(hour,'2008-08-08 12:00:00','2008-08-08 00:00:00'); -- -12 select datediff('2008-08-08 12:00:00', '2008-08-01 00:00:00'); -- 7 MySQL timestampdiff() 函數就比 datediff() 功能強多了,datediff() 只能計算兩個日期(date)之間相差的天數。
convert_tz(dt,from_tz,to_tz) select convert_tz('2008-08-08 12:00:00', '+08:00', '+00:00'); -- 2008-08-08 04:00:00
select date_add('2008-08-08 12:00:00', interval -8 hour); -- 2008-08-08 04:00:00 select date_sub('2008-08-08 12:00:00', interval 8 hour); -- 2008-08-08 04:00:00 select timestampadd(hour, -8, '2008-08-08 12:00:00'); -- 2008-08-08 04:00:00
注:資料來源網絡