導讀：有的時候，使用錯誤的索引會導致Oracle數據庫的效率明顯下降，通過一些方法或者是技巧可以有效的避免這個問題，下文中就為大家帶來避免使用錯誤的數據庫索引的，以提高Oracle數據庫的工作效率。
這個例子中,如果我想使用idx_a而不是idx_b.
SQL> create table test
2 (a int,b int,c int,d int);
Table created.
SQL> begin
2 for i in 1..50000
3 loop
4 insert into mytest values(i,i,i,i);
5 end loop;
6 commit;
7 end;
8 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> create index idx_a on mytest(a,b,c);
Index created.
SQL> create index idx_b on mytest(b);
Index created.
如表mytest,有字段a,b,c,d，在a,b,c上建立聯合索引idx_a(a,b,c)，在b上單獨建立了一個索引idx_b(b)。
在正常情況下，where a=? and b=? and c=?會用到索引idx_a，where b=?會用到索引idx_b
比如：
SQL> analyze table mytest compute statistics;
Table analyzed.
SQL> select num_Rows from user_tables where table_name='MYTEST';
NUM_ROWS
----------
50000
SQL> select distinct_keys from user_indexes where index_name='IDX_A';
DISTINCT_KEYS
-------------
50000
SQL> set autotrace traceonly
SQL> select d from mytest
2 where a=10 and b=10 and c=10;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1542625214
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 16 | 2 (0)| 00:0
0:01 |
| 1 | TABLE Access BY INDEX ROWID| MYTEST | 1 | 16 | 2 (0)| 00:0
0:01 |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | IDX_A | 1 | | 1 (0)| 00:0
0:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
Predicate Information (identifIEd by Operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - Access("A"=10 AND "B"=10 AND "C"=10)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
4 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
508 bytes sent via SQL*Net to clIEnt
492 bytes received via SQL*Net from clIEnt
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from clIEnt
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
SQL> select d from mytest
2 where b=500;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 530004086
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 8 | 2 (0)| 00:0
0:01 |
| 1 | TABLE Access BY INDEX ROWID| MYTEST | 1 | 8 | 2 (0)| 00:0
0:01 |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | IDX_B | 1 | | 1 (0)| 00:0
0:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
Predicate Information (identifIEd by Operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - Access("B"=500)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
4 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
508 bytes sent via SQL*Net to clIEnt
492 bytes received via SQL*Net from clIEnt
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from clIEnt
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
但是在這樣一個條件下：where a=? and b=? and c=? group by b會用到哪個索引呢?在索引的分析數據不正確(很長時間沒有分析)或根本沒有分析數據的情況下，Oracle往往會使用索引idx_b。通過執行計劃的分析，這個索引的使用，將大大耗費查詢時間。
比如在索引有統計信息，分析數據正確的情況下：
SQL> select max(d) from mytest
2 where a=50 and b=50 and c=50
3 group by b;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 422688974
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Tim
e |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 16 | 2 (0)| 00:
00:01 |
| 1 | SORT GROUP BY NOSORT | | 1 | 16 | 2 (0)| 00:
00:01 |
| 2 | TABLE Access BY INDEX ROWID| MYTEST | 1 | 16 | 2 (0)| 00:
00:01 |
|* 3 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | IDX_A | 1 | | 1 (0)| 00:
00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
Predicate Information (identifIEd by Operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
3 - Access("A"=50 AND "B"=50 AND "C"=50)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
3 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
513 bytes sent via SQL*Net to clIEnt
492 bytes received via SQL*Net from clIEnt
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from clIEnt
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
但如果索引分析數據不正確:
SQL> select num_rows from user_tables
2 where table_name='MYTEST';
NUM_ROWS
----------
50000
SQL> analyze index idx_a delete statistics;
Index analyzed.
SQL> analyze index idx_b delete statistics;
Index analyzed.
SQL> select distinct_keys from user_indexes
2 where index_name in ('IDX_A','IDX_B');
DISTINCT_KEYS
-------------
SQL> select max(d) from mytest where a=50 and b=50 and c=50 group by b;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3925507835
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Tim
e |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 16 | 2 (0)| 00:
00:01 |
| 1 | SORT GROUP BY NOSORT | | 1 | 16 | 2 (0)| 00:
00:01 |
|* 2 | TABLE Access BY INDEX ROWID| MYTEST | 1 | 16 | 2 (0)| 00:
00:01 |
|* 3 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | IDX_B | 1 | | 1 (0)| 00:
00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
Predicate Information (identifIEd by Operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - filter("A"=50 AND "C"=50)
3 - Access("B"=50)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
3 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
513 bytes sent via SQL*Net to clIEnt
492 bytes received via SQL*Net from clIEnt
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from clIEnt
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
我們可以通過如下的技巧避免使用idx_b，而使用idx_a。
where a=? and b=? and c=? group by b||'' --如果b是字符類型
where a=? and b=? and c=? group by b+0 --如果b是數字類型
通過這樣簡單的改變，往往可以是查詢時間提交很多倍
當然，我們也可以使用no_index提示，相信很多人沒有用過，也是一個不錯的方法：
SQL> select /*+ no_index(mytest,idx_b) */ max(d) from mytest where a=50 and b=50 and c=50 group by b;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 422688974
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Tim
e |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 16 | 9 (0)| 00:
00:01 |
| 1 | SORT GROUP BY NOSORT | | 1 | 16 | 9 (0)| 00:
00:01 |
| 2 | TABLE Access BY INDEX ROWID| MYTEST | 1 | 16 | 9 (0)| 00:
00:01 |
|* 3 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | IDX_A | 500 | | 1 (0)| 00:
00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
Predicate Information (identifIEd by Operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
3 - Access("A"=50 AND "B"=50 AND "C"=50)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
3 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
513 bytes sent via SQL*Net to clIEnt
492 bytes received via SQL*Net from clIEnt
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from clIEnt
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
上文中主要是以代碼的形式為大家講解的，看起來可能是不太容易理解，大家要深入其中去學習，這個技巧是非常實用的，希望大家能夠從中收獲。
