先說基本用法：
先按11G之前進行
conn / as sysdba;
create user test identifed by test;
ORA-65096: 公用用戶名或角色名無效.
查官方文檔得知“試圖創建一個通用用戶，必需要用C##或者c##開頭”，這時候心裡會有疑問，什麼是common user？不管先建成功了再說
create C##user test identifed by test;
創建成功
SQL>show con_name;
CON_NAME
------------------------------
CDB$ROOT
selectcon_id,dbid,NAME,OPEN_MODEfromv$pdbs;
CON_ID DBID NAME OPEN_MODE
---------- ---------- ------------------------------ ----------
2 4066409480 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 2270995695 PDBORCL MOUNTED
SQL>alter session set container=PDBORCL;
這時再用create user test identifed by test;建立用戶就可以了。
CDB和PDB是ORACLE 12C一個很亮的新特性,由於他們的引入導致傳統的ORACLE數據庫管理理念不少發生了改變,這裡列舉了部分最基本的cdb和pdb管理方式
cdb和pdb關系圖
ORACLE 12C版本
SQL> select * from v$version; BANNER CON_ID -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.1.0.1.0 - 64bit Production 0 PL/SQL Release 12.1.0.1.0 - Production 0 CORE 12.1.0.1.0 Production 0 TNS for Linux: Version 12.1.0.1.0 - Production 0 NLSRTL Version 12.1.0.1.0 - Production 0
啟動關閉pdb
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 597098496 bytes
Fixed Size 2291072 bytes
Variable Size 272632448 bytes
Database Buffers 314572800 bytes
Redo Buffers 7602176 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> select con_id,dbid,NAME,OPEN_MODE from v$pdbs;
CON_ID DBID NAME OPEN_MODE
---------- ---------- ------------------------------ ----------
2 4048821679 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 3313918585 PDB1 MOUNTED
4 3872456618 PDB2 MOUNTED
SQL> alter PLUGGABLE database pdb1 open;
Pluggable database altered.
SQL> select con_id,dbid,NAME,OPEN_MODE from v$pdbs;
CON_ID DBID NAME OPEN_MODE
---------- ---------- ------------------------------ ----------
2 4048821679 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 3313918585 PDB1 READ WRITE
4 3872456618 PDB2 MOUNTED
SQL> alter PLUGGABLE database pdb1 close;
Pluggable database altered.
SQL> select con_id,dbid,NAME,OPEN_MODE from v$pdbs;
CON_ID DBID NAME OPEN_MODE
---------- ---------- ------------------------------ ----------
2 4048821679 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 3313918585 PDB1 MOUNTED
4 3872456618 PDB2 MOUNTED
SQL> alter PLUGGABLE database all open;
Pluggable database altered.
SQL> select con_id,dbid,NAME,OPEN_MODE from v$pdbs;
CON_ID DBID NAME OPEN_MODE
---------- ---------- ------------------------------ ----------
2 4048821679 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 3313918585 PDB1 READ WRITE
4 3872456618 PDB2 READ WRITE
SQL> alter PLUGGABLE database all close;
Pluggable database altered.
SQL> select con_id,dbid,NAME,OPEN_MODE from v$pdbs;
CON_ID DBID NAME OPEN_MODE
---------- ---------- ------------------------------ ----------
2 4048821679 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 3313918585 PDB1 MOUNTED
4 3872456618 PDB2 MOUNTED
SQL> alter session set container=pdb1;
Session altered.
SQL> startup
Pluggable Database opened.
SQL> select con_id,dbid,NAME,OPEN_MODE from v$pdbs;
CON_ID DBID NAME OPEN_MODE
---------- ---------- ------------------------------ ----------
3 3313918585 PDB1 READ WRITE
pdb的管理可以在cdb中進行也可以在pdb中進行,如果是cdb中進行,需要PLUGGABLE關鍵字,如果是pdb中直接和普通數據庫一樣
登錄pdb
[oracle@xifenfei ~]$ lsnrctl status LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 12.1.0.1.0 - Production on 12-MAY-2013 08:07:02 Copyright (c) 1991, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=xifenfei)(PORT=1521))) STATUS of the LISTENER ------------------------ Alias LISTENER Version TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 12.1.0.1.0 - Production Start Date 11-MAY-2013 18:30:54 Uptime 0 days 13 hr. 36 min. 8 sec Trace Level off Security ON: Local OS Authentication SNMP OFF Listener Parameter File /u01/app/grid/product/12.1/network/admin/listener.ora Listener Log File /u01/app/grid/diag/tnslsnr/xifenfei/listener/alert/log.xml Listening Endpoints Summary... (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521))) (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=xifenfei)(PORT=1521))) (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcps)(HOST=xifenfei)(PORT=5500)) (Security=(my_wallet_directory=/u01/oracle/12.1/db_1/admin/cdb/xdb_wallet))(Presentation=HTTP)(Session=RAW)) Services Summary... Service "+ASM" has 1 instance(s). Instance "+ASM", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service... Service "cdb" has 1 instance(s). Instance "cdb", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service... Service "cdbXDB" has 1 instance(s). Instance "cdb", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service... Service "pdb1" has 1 instance(s). Instance "cdb", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service... Service "pdb2" has 1 instance(s). Instance "cdb", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service... The command completed successfully [oracle@xifenfei ~]$ tnsping pdb1 TNS Ping Utility for Linux: Version 12.1.0.1.0 - Production on 12-MAY-2013 08:07:09 Copyright (c) 1997, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved. Used parameter files: Used TNSNAMES adapter to resolve the alias Attempting to contact (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = xifenfei) (PORT = 1521)) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVER = DEDICATED) (SERVICE_NAME = pdb1))) OK (20 msec) [oracle@xifenfei ~]$ sqlplus sys/xifenfei@pdb1 as sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 12.1.0.1.0 Production on Sun May 12 08:08:02 2013 Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.1.0.1.0 - 64bit Production With the Partitioning, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP, Advanced Analytics and Real Application Testing options SQL> show con_name; CON_NAME ------------------------------ PDB1 [oracle@xifenfei ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 12.1.0.1.0 Production on Sun May 12 08:09:14 2013 Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.1.0.1.0 - 64bit Production With the Partitioning, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP, Advanced Analytics and Real Application Testing options SQL> alter session set container=pdb1; Session altered. SQL> show con_name; CON_NAME ------------------------------ PDB1
pdb可以通過alter session container進入也可以直接通過tns方式登錄
創建用戶
SQL> show con_name;
CON_NAME
------------------------------
CDB$ROOT
SQL> select con_id,dbid,NAME,OPEN_MODE from v$pdbs;
CON_ID DBID NAME OPEN_MODE
---------- ---------- ------------------------------ ----------
2 4048821679 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 3313918585 PDB1 READ WRITE
4 3872456618 PDB2 MOUNTED
SQL> create user xff identified by xifenfei;
create user xff identified by xifenfei
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-65096: invalid common user or role name
SQL> !oerr ora 65096
65096, 00000, "invalid common user or role name"
// *Cause: An attempt was made to create a common user or role with a name
// that wass not valid for common users or roles. In addition to
// the usual rules for user and role names, common user and role
// names must start with C## or c## and consist only of ASCII
// characters.
// *Action: Specify a valid common user or role name.
//
SQL> create user c##xff identified by xifenfei;
User created.
SQL> SELECT USERNAME,CON_ID,USER_ID FROM CDB_USERS WHERE USERNAME='C##XFF';
USERNAME CON_ID USER_ID
---------- ---------- ----------
C##XFF 1 103
C##XFF 3 104
SQL> alter session set container=pdb1;
Session altered.
SQL> show con_name
CON_NAME
------------------------------
PDB1
SQL> create user xff identified by xifenfei;
User created.
SQL> create user c##abc identified by xifenfei;
create user c##abc identified by xifenfei
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-65094: invalid local user or role name
創建用戶默認的是container=all,在cdb中只能創建全局用戶(c##開頭),會在cdb和所有的pdb中創建該用戶(但是pdb中的全局用戶需要另外授權才能夠在pdb中訪問)。在pdb中只能創建的用戶為本地用戶
用戶授權
SQL> grant connect to c##xff; Grant succeeded. SQL> select GRANTEE,con_id from cdb_ROLE_PRIVS where GRANTED_ROLE='CONNECT' AND GRANTEE='C##XFF'; GRANTEE CON_ID ------------------------------ ---------- C##XFF 1 SQL> grant resource to c##xff container=all; Grant succeeded. SQL> select GRANTEE,con_id from cdb_ROLE_PRIVS where GRANTED_ROLE='RESOURCE' AND GRANTEE='C##XFF'; GRANTEE CON_ID ------------------------------ ---------- C##XFF 1 C##XFF 3
用戶授權默認情況下是只會給當前container,在cdb中也可以指定container=all,對所有open的pdb且存在該用戶都進行授權
修改參數
SQL> alter system set open_cursors=500 container=all; System altered. SQL> conn sys/xifenfei@pdb1 as sysdba Connected. SQL> show parameter open_cursors; NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ open_cursors integer 500 SQL> alter system set open_cursors=100; alter system set open_cursors=100 * ERROR at line 1: ORA-01219: database or pluggable database not open: queries allowed on fixed tables or views only SQL> alter database open; Database altered. SQL> alter system set open_cursors=100; System altered. SQL> show parameter open_cursors; NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ open_cursors integer 100 SQL> conn / as sysdba Connected. SQL> show parameter open_cursors; NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ open_cursors integer 500
這裡可以看到在cdb中修改,pdb會繼承進去;如果在pdb中修改會覆蓋pdb從cdb中繼承的參數含義
