Oracle誤刪除表數據後的恢復詳解
測試環境:
SYSTEM:IBM AIX 5L Oracle Version:10gR2
1. undo_retention參數的查詢與修改
使用show parameter undo命令查看當前的數據庫參數undo_retention設置。
顯示如下:
SQL> show parameter undo
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
undo_management string AUTO
undo_retention integer 900
undo_tablespace string UNDOTBS2
undo_retention(保持力),900單位是秒,即15分鐘。
修改默認的undo_retention參數設置:
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET undo_retention=10800 SCOPE=BOTH;
System altered.
SQL> show parameter undo
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
undo_management string AUTO
undo_retention integer 10800
undo_tablespace string UNDOTBS2
undo_retention 10800,單位秒,即3小時。
2. oracle誤刪除表數據後的的快速恢復功能方法
2.1 方法一
通過oracle提供的回閃功能
exec dbms_flashback.enable_at_time(to_date('2011-04-15 08:21:00','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')); set serveroutput on DECLARE r_temp hr.job_history%ROWTYPE; CURSOR c_temp IS SELECT * FROM hr.job_history; BEGIN OPEN c_temp; dbms_flashback.disable; LOOP FETCH c_temp INTO r_temp; EXIT WHEN c_temp%NOTFOUND; insert into hr.job_history(EMPLOYEE_ID,JOB_ID,START_DATE,END_DATE) values (r_temp.EMPLOYEE_ID,r_temp.JOB_ID,r_temp.START_DATE,r_temp.END_DATE); commit; END LOOP; CLOSE c_temp; END;
這種辦法可以將刪除的數據恢復到對應的表中,首先要保證該用戶有執行dbms_flashback包的權限。
2.2 方法二
insert into hr.job_history
select * from hr.job_history as of timestamp to_timestamp('2011-04-15 08:20:00', 'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss');
這種方法簡單,容易掌握,功能和上面的一樣,此處的時間為你誤操作之前的時間,最好是離誤操作比較近的,因為oracle保存在回滾保持段裡的數據時間有一定的時間限制,這個限制由undo_retention 這個參數值決定。
查看FIRST_CHANGE#,NEXT_CHANGE#,FIRST_TIME
SQL> set pagesize 9999
SQL> col fscn for 999999999
SQL> col nscn for 999999999
SQL> select name,FIRST_CHANGE# fscn,NEXT_CHANGE# nscn,FIRST_TIME from v$archived_log;
當前的SCN為:
SQL> select dbms_flashback.get_system_change_number fscn from dual;
FSCN
----------
3435958
使用應用用戶嘗試閃回
SQL> connect username/password
Connected.
現有數據:
SQL> select count(*) from hs_passport;
COUNT(*)
----------
851998
創建恢復表:
SQL> create table hs_passport_recov as select * from hs_passport where 1=0;
Table created.
選擇SCN向前恢復:
SQL> select count(*) from hs_passport as of scn 12929970422;
COUNT(*)
----------
861686
嘗試多個SCN,獲取最佳值(如果能得知具體時間,那麼可以獲得准確的數據閃回)
SQL> select count(*) from hs_passport as of scn &scn; Enter value for scn: 12929941968 old 1: select count(*) from hs_passport as of scn &scn new 1: select count(*) from hs_passport as of scn 12929941968 COUNT(*) ---------- 861684 SQL> / Enter value for scn: 12927633776 old 1: select count(*) from hs_passport as of scn &scn new 1: select count(*) from hs_passport as of scn 12927633776 select count(*) from hs_passport as of scn 12927633776 * ERROR at line 1: ORA-01466: unable to read data - table definition has changed SQL> / Enter value for scn: 12929928784 old 1: select count(*) from hs_passport as of scn &scn new 1: select count(*) from hs_passport as of scn 12929928784 COUNT(*) ---------- 825110 SQL> / Enter value for scn: 12928000000 old 1: select count(*) from hs_passport as of scn &scn new 1: select count(*) from hs_passport as of scn 12928000000 select count(*) from hs_passport as of scn 12928000000 * ERROR at line 1: ORA-01466: unable to read data - table definition has changed
最後選擇恢復到SCN為12929941968的時間點
SQL> insert into hs_passport_recov select * from hs_passport as of scn 12929941968;
861684 rows created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
數據恢復簡單例子
在過去,如果用戶誤刪/更新了數據後,作為用戶並沒有什麼直接的方法來進行恢復,他們必須求助DBA來對數據庫進行恢復,到了Oracle9i,這一難堪的局面有所改善。Oracle 9i中提供了一項新的技術手段--閃回查詢,用戶使用閃回查詢可以及時取得誤操作前的數據,並可以針對錯誤進行相應的恢復措施,而這一切都無需DBA干預。
3. 下面我們通過一個例子來具體說明閃回查詢的用法
示例
3.1 使用閃回查詢前必須確定下面兩個參數:
UNDO_MANAGEMENT = AUTO
undo_retention = 10800;
這個時間可以隨便設,它表示在系統中保留提交了的UNDO信息的時間,10800就是保留3小時,即180分鐘。
3.2 使用閃回查詢
SQL> conn /as sysdba Connected. SQL> drop user lsf cascade; User dropped. SQL> create user lsf identified by lsf; User created. SQL> grant connect,resource to lsf; Grant succeeded. SQL> grant execute on dbms_flashback to lsf; Grant succeeded. SQL> conn lsf/lsf Connected. SQL> create table T(id int, name varchar2(20)); Table created. SQL> insert into T values(1,'lsf'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into T values(2,'lsf'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into T values(3,'lsf'); 1 row created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> select * from T; ID NAME ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------ 1 lsf 2 lsf 3 lsf SQL> set time on 10:12:50 SQL> delete from T where id=1; 1 row deleted. 10:13:02 SQL> commit; Commit complete. 10:13:10 SQL> select * from T; ID NAME ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------ 2 lsf 3 lsf 10:13:18 SQL> execute DBMS_FLASHBACK.ENABLE_AT_TIME(to_date('2011-04-15 10:12:50','YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS')); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. 10:13:50 SQL> select * from T; ID NAME ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------ 1 lsf 2 lsf 3 lsf 10:13:57 SQL> execute DBMS_FLASHBACK.DISABLE; PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. 10:15:48 SQL> select * from T; ID NAME ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------ 2 lsf 3 lsf
3.3 使用閃回查詢恢復數據
10:16:59 SQL> truncate table T; Table truncated. 10:18:15 SQL> select * from T; no rows selected 10:18:22 SQL> insert into T values(1,'lsf'); 1 row created. 10:19:42 SQL> insert into T values(2,'lsf'); 1 row created. 10:19:48 SQL> insert into T values(3,'lsf'); 1 row created. 10:19:55 SQL> insert into T values(4,'lsf'); 1 row created. 10:20:07 SQL> insert into T values(5,'lsf'); 1 row created. 10:20:15 SQL> insert into T values(6,'lsf'); 1 row created. 10:20:21 SQL> commit; Commit complete. 10:20:26 SQL> select * from T; ID NAME ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------ 1 lsf 2 lsf 3 lsf 4 lsf 5 lsf 6 lsf 6 rows selected. 10:20:56 SQL> delete T; 6 rows deleted. 10:21:27 SQL> commit; Commit complete. 10:21:40 SQL> declare 10:22:29 2 cursor flash_recover is 10:22:43 3 select * from T; 10:22:50 4 t_recode T%rowtype; 10:23:11 5 begin 10:23:14 6 DBMS_FLASHBACK.ENABLE_AT_TIME(to_date('2011-04-15 10:20:56','YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS')); 10:24:22 7 open flash_recover; 10:24:39 8 DBMS_FLASHBACK.DISABLE; 10:24:59 9 loop 10:25:05 10 FETCH flash_recover into t_recode; 10:25:24 11 EXIT WHEN flash_recover%NOTFOUND; 10:25:45 12 insert into T values(t_recode.id,t_recode.name); 10:26:35 13 end loop; 10:26:39 14 CLOSE FLASH_RECOVER; 10:26:50 15 commit; 10:26:56 16 end; 10:26:58 17 / PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. 10:27:00 SQL> select * from T; ID NAME ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------ 1 lsf 2 lsf 3 lsf 4 lsf 5 lsf 6 lsf 6 rows selected.
我們可以已經恢復了所有的6條紀錄,但是由於閃回查詢的局限性,有可能不能恢復所有的6條記錄,原因就在下面。
4. 局限性
4.1 閃回查詢是基於SCN的,雖然我們執行的是:
DBMS_FLASHBACK.ENABLE_AT_TIME(to_date('2011-04-15 10:20:56','YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'));
但Oracle並不會精確的這個時間點,而是ROUND DOWN到最近的一次SCN,然後從這個SCN開始進行恢復。而Oracle 9i是每五分鐘記錄一次SCN的,並將SCN和對應時間的映射做個紀錄。
因此如果使用DBMS_FLASHBACK.ENABLE_AT_TIME來進行恢復,為了避免恢復失敗,我們可以先等5分鐘,然後再進行恢復。
使用DBMS_FLASHBACK.ENABLE_AT_TIME進行恢復還有一個缺點,那就是在Oracle 9i中SCN和對應時間的映射信息只會保留5天,因此我們無法通過DBMS_FLASHBACK.ENABLE_AT_TIME來恢復5天前的數據。如果你想使用閃回查詢來恢復5天前的數據,你必須自己來確定需要恢復的SCN,然後使用DBMS_FLASHBACK.ENABLE_AT_SYSTEM_CHANGE_NUMBER(SCN_NUMBER); 來定位你的恢復時間點,下面是使用方法:
10:27:27 SQL> VARIABLE SCN_SAVE NUMBER; 10:32:47 SQL> EXECUTE :SCN_SAVE := DBMS_FLASHBACK.GET_SYSTEM_CHANGE_NUMBER; PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. 10:33:24 SQL> print SCN_SAVE; SCN_SAVE ---------- 3438420 10:33:41 SQL> execute DBMS_FLASHBACK.ENABLE_AT_SYSTEM_CHANGE_NUMBER(:SCN_SAVE); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. 10:34:31 SQL> select * from T; ID NAME ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------ 1 lsf 2 lsf 3 lsf 4 lsf 5 lsf 6 lsf 6 rows selected.
另外,在使用DBMS_FLASHBACK.ENABLE_AT_TIME前,你必須設定你的NLS_DATE_FORMAT的精確程度,Oracle默認的是精確到天,如果你不設定,像上面的例子你不會得到預期結果。
4.2 如果你使用sysdate和DBMS_FLASHBACK.GET_SYSTEM_CHANGE_NUMBER來獲取時間點或者SCN值,你必須注意它們取得都是當前的時間點和SCN值。
4.3 你只能在事務開始時進入閃回查詢模式,如果之前有DML操作,則必須COMMIT。
4.4 閃回查詢無法恢復到表結構改變之前,因為閃回查詢使用的當前的數據字典。