1：使用初始化參數
使用初始化參數db_block_checksum\db_block_checking可以設置數據庫對塊的物理一致性和邏輯一致性檢查。
Db_block_checksum:物理一致性檢查，默認開啟。始終對system表空間數據進行檢查，如果開啟還會對日志進行檢查，開啟後會有1～2%的性能影響，建議開啟。
Db_block_checking：邏輯一致性檢查，默認未開啟。始終對system表空間進行檢查，如果開啟會有1～10%的性能影響。DML越頻繁，性能影響越大。不建議開啟。
有關該參數的詳細內容可以參考：
http://blog.csdn.net/yidian815/article/details/39932903
2：使用dbv工具
使用dbv可以進行物理和邏輯一致性檢查，但是不會檢測表數據和索引數據的匹配關系。使用該工具有以下特點：
只讀方式打開數據文件
可以在線檢查數據文件，數據庫無需關閉
不可以檢測控制文件和日志文件
可以檢測asm文件
有時文件名稱需要有後綴名，並且有時不可以檢測超過2G大小的文件
3：使用analyze命令
語法格式：analyze table validate structure cascade online (offline).
該命令會同時進行物理和邏輯檢查，同時還可以進行表數據和索引數據的匹配性檢查，檢查分區表的記錄是否在正確的分區中，檢測結果會存儲在trace文件中。
如果沒有使用cascade關鍵字，則只會進行表數據的檢測，使用cascade後會進行表數據和索引數據的檢測。
如果使用了online關鍵字，則可以對表數據進行在線檢查，此時不會對表添加鎖，DML語句可以繼續進行，如果使用了offline關鍵字，則會對表加鎖，此時用戶不能對該表進行修改操作。
如果需要檢測分區表記錄是否在正確的分區內，可以使用如下語句：
Anlyze table table_name validte structure into invalid_rows.
使用該命令前，請使用utlvalid.sql 腳本創建相應的invalid_rows表。
4：使用rman工具
使用rman備份工具時，oracle會將數據先讀入讀緩沖區，然後將數據寫入寫緩沖區，最後寫入磁盤，在從讀緩沖區轉移到寫緩沖區時，rman工具會進行數據一致性檢測。
語法格式：backup validate database.
使用backup validate 命令會對數據文件進行物理一致性檢測（前提是db_block_checksum啟用), 此時並不會生成備份文件。如：
RMAN> backup validate database; Starting backup at 2014-11-05 15:44:21 using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset input datafile fno=00001 name=/home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/system01.dbf input datafile fno=00003 name=/home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/sysaux01.dbf input datafile fno=00002 name=/home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/undotbs01.dbf input datafile fno=00005 name=/home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/test01.dbf input datafile fno=00004 name=/home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/users01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset including current control file in backupset including current SPFILE in backupset channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 2014-11-05 15:44:23 RMAN> list backup; RMAN>
我們也可以添加check logical選項，以便rman進行邏輯一致性檢測。注意：check logical是命令選項，如果單獨使用check logical會生成備份:
RMAN> backup check logical validate database;
Starting backup at 2014-11-05 15:45:59
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
input datafile fno=00001 name=/home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/system01.dbf
input datafile fno=00003 name=/home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile fno=00002 name=/home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile fno=00005 name=/home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/test01.dbf
input datafile fno=00004 name=/home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
including current control file in backupset
including current SPFILE in backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 2014-11-05 15:46:04
RMAN> list backup;
RMAN> backup check logical database;
Starting backup at 2014-11-05 15:46:14
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
input datafile fno=00001 name=/home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/system01.dbf
input datafile fno=00003 name=/home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile fno=00002 name=/home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile fno=00005 name=/home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/test01.dbf
input datafile fno=00004 name=/home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2014-11-05 15:46:14
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2014-11-05 15:46:39
piece handle=/home/app/oraten/flash_recovery_area/ORATEN/backupset/2014_11_05/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20141105T154614_b5mog6kr_.bkp tag=TAG20141105T154614 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:25
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
including current control file in backupset
including current SPFILE in backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2014-11-05 15:46:40
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2014-11-05 15:46:41
piece handle=/home/app/oraten/flash_recovery_area/ORATEN/backupset/2014_11_05/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20141105T154614_b5moh030_.bkp tag=TAG20141105T154614 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:02
Finished backup at 2014-11-05 15:46:41
List of Backup Sets
===================
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
59 Full 545.84M DISK 00:00:17 2014-11-05 15:46:31
BP Key: 41 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20141105T154614
Piece Name: /home/app/oraten/flash_recovery_area/ORATEN/backupset/2014_11_05/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20141105T154614_b5mog6kr_.bkp
List of Datafiles in backup set 59
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- ------------------- ----
1 Full 870906 2014-11-05 15:46:14 /home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/system01.dbf
2 Full 870906 2014-11-05 15:46:14 /home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/undotbs01.dbf
3 Full 870906 2014-11-05 15:46:14 /home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/sysaux01.dbf
4 Full 870906 2014-11-05 15:46:14 /home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/users01.dbf
5 Full 870906 2014-11-05 15:46:14 /home/app/oraten/oradata/oraten/test01.dbf
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
60 Full 6.80M DISK 00:00:01 2014-11-05 15:46:40
BP Key: 42 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20141105T154614
Piece Name: /home/app/oraten/flash_recovery_area/ORATEN/backupset/2014_11_05/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20141105T154614_b5moh030_.bkp
Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 870915 Ckp time: 2014-11-05 15:46:39
SPFILE Included: Modification time: 2014-11-05 15:16:33<span style="font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span>
關於rman備份與恢復的驗證，可以參照：
http://blog.csdn.net/yidian815/article/details/40824689
5：使用dbms_repair包
關於dbms_repaire包的使用，請參見：
http://blog.csdn.net/yidian815/article/details/40825511
