主外鍵有兩大特點:
1)主鍵本身是一個唯一索引,保證主鍵所在列的唯一性;
2)外鍵列指必須在主表中的主鍵列有相應記錄。
我們知道,主鍵本身是一個唯一索引,外鍵是一個約束,默認情況下沒有索引,但在實際使用中強烈建議在外鍵上建索引,下面看兩個例子:
SQL> alter database mount; Database altered. SQL> alter database open; Database altered. SQL> create table p (id number, name varchar2(30)); Table created. SQL> alter table p add constraint pk primary key(id); Table altered. SQL> create table f (id number, pid number, name varchar2(30)); Table created. SQL> alter table f add constraint fk foreign key(pid) references p(id); Table altered. SQL> insert into p select rownum,table_name from dba_tables; 1206 rows created. SQL> insert into f select rownum,mod(rownum,1000)+1,object_name from dba_objects; 14090 rows created. SQL> commit; Commit complete.上面語句分別創建了兩個表,其中表p有主鍵,另一個表f有外鍵。但我們沒有在外鍵上創建索引,下面我們看下這兩表關聯的執行計劃和性能:
SQL> set autotrace traceonly SQL> set line 1000 SQL> select p.id,p.name,f.name from p,f where p.id=f.pid and p.id=880; 14 rows selected. Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- Plan hash value: 3936432439 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 14 | 840 | 19 (0)| 00:00:01 | | 1 | NESTED LOOPS | | 14 | 840 | 19 (0)| 00:00:01 | | 2 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| P | 1 | 30 | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 | |* 3 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | PK | 1 | | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 | |* 4 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | F | 14 | 420 | 19 (0)| 00:00:01 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Predicate Information (identified by operation id): --------------------------------------------------- 3 - access("P"."ID"=880) 4 - filter("F"."PID"=880) Note ----- - dynamic sampling used for this statement (level=2) Statistics ---------------------------------------------------------- 5 recursive calls 0 db block gets 137 consistent gets 0 physical reads 0 redo size 1094 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client 524 bytes received via SQL*Net from client 2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client 0 sorts (memory) 0 sorts (disk) 14 rows processed從執行計劃中,我們可以看出,對f表進行了全表掃描,試想一下,如果p表不是返回1條記錄,而是返回多條記錄,那f表是不是要做多次的全部掃描?答案是肯定的,為了避免對f表的全表掃描,我們應該在外鍵上創建索引,如下所示:
SQL> create index fk on f(pid); Index created. SQL> set autotrace traceonly SQL> set line 1000 SQL> select p.id,p.name,f.name from p,f where p.id=f.pid and p.id=880; 14 rows selected. Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- Plan hash value: 2077701003 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 14 | 840 | 16 (0)| 00:00:01 | | 1 | NESTED LOOPS | | 14 | 840 | 16 (0)| 00:00:01 | | 2 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| P | 1 | 30 | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 | |* 3 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | PK | 1 | | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 | | 4 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| F | 14 | 420 | 16 (0)| 00:00:01 | |* 5 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | FK | 14 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Predicate Information (identified by operation id): --------------------------------------------------- 3 - access("P"."ID"=880) 5 - access("F"."PID"=880) Note ----- - dynamic sampling used for this statement (level=2) Statistics ---------------------------------------------------------- 9 recursive calls 0 db block gets 90 consistent gets 1 physical reads 0 redo size 1094 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client 524 bytes received via SQL*Net from client 2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client 0 sorts (memory) 0 sorts (disk) 14 rows processed從上面的執行計劃我們可以知道,對f表不進行全表掃描了,而是走索引。
首先,我們把外鍵上的索引刪除,然後在f表上隨便刪除某條記錄,但不提交。
SQL> drop index fk; Index dropped. SQL> delete from f where id=2; 1 row deleted.接著,我們打開另一個會話,在p表上隨便刪除一條數據,發現被阻塞了:
SQL> delete from p where id=2000;以下是鎖的情況:
SQL> select sid,type,id1,id2,lmode,request,block from v$lock where type in ('TM','TX') order by sid, type; SID TY ID1 ID2 LMODE REQUEST BLOCK ---------- -- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 254 TM 14356 0 3 0 0 254 TM 14359 0 3 0 1 254 TX 655369 1307 6 0 0 1388 TM 14359 0 0 4 0 1388 TM 14356 0 3 0 0在這裡我們驚奇的發現,p這個主鍵所在的表,居然因為外鍵所在的f表隨意刪除一條記錄,導致p表被完全鎖住,無法做任何的DML操作,這是多麼可怕啊!
如果今天生產系統有一張大表的某字段符合主鍵的條件,沒有重復記錄,但卻只是一個普通索引,要更改為主鍵,該如何操作呢?
因為建主鍵的操作其實就是建了一個唯一性索引,再增加一個約束,所以我們只要增加一個約束就可以了:
SQL> create index normal_idx on p(id); Index created. SQL> alter table p add constraint pk primary key(id); Table altered.