注意:證書和非對稱密鑰同樣的消耗資源。
我們看一組例子:
示例一、創建數據庫證書
創建數據庫證書:CREATE SYMMETRIC KEY (http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms187798.aspx)
代碼如下:
USE DB_Encrypt_Demo
GO
--創建證書
CREATE CERTIFICATE cert_Demo --證書名稱
ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'asdfG!!!' --加密證書的密碼
WITH SUBJECT = 'DB_Encrypt_Demo Database Encryption Certificate',--證書主題
START_DATE = '3/14/2011', EXPIRY_DATE = '10/20/2012'--起止日期
GO
示例二、查看數據庫中的證書
使用目錄視圖sys.certificates(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms189774.aspx)來查看。
代碼如下:
--查看當前數據庫中的證書
use DB_Encrypt_Demo
go
--查看證書
SELECT name, pvt_key_encryption_type_desc, issuer_name
FROM sys.certificates
----結果返回
/*
name pvt_key_encryption_type_desc issuer_name
cert_Demo ENCRYPTED_BY_PASSWORD DB_Encrypt_Demo Database Encryption Certificate
*/
示例三、備份和還原證書
創建證書後,也可以使用BACKUP CERTIFICATE(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms178578.aspx)命令備份到文件,為了安全地保存或在其他數據庫中還原它。
代碼如下:
--備份證書
BACKUP CERTIFICATE cert_Demo
TO FILE = 'H:\SqlBackup\certDemo.BAK'--證書備份路徑,用來加密
WITH PRIVATE KEY (FILE='H:\SqlBackup\certDemoPK.BAK',--證書私鑰文件路徑,用來解密
ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = '1234GH!!!',--加密私鑰密碼
DECRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'asdfG!!!' )--解密私鑰密碼
--備份後,可以在其他數據庫中使用這個證書,或使用DROP CERTIFICATE命令刪除它。
DROP CERTIFICATE cert_Demo
GO
--從備份文件中還原證書到數據庫中
CREATE CERTIFICATE cert_Demo
FROM FILE = 'H:\SqlBackup\certDemo.BAK'
WITH PRIVATE KEY (FILE = 'H:\SqlBackup\certDemoPK.BAK',
DECRYPTION BY PASSWORD = '1234GH!!!' ,--解密私鑰密碼
ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'asdfG!!!')--加密私鑰密碼
示例四、管理證書的私鑰
使用ALTER CERTIFICATE( http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms189511.aspx)命令為證書增加或刪除私鑰。這個命令允許刪除私鑰(默認通過數據庫主密鑰時行加密)、增加私鑰或修改私鑰的密碼。
代碼如下:
--從證書中刪除私鑰
ALTER CERTIFICATE cert_Demo
REMOVE PRIVATE KEY
--從備份文件為既有證書重新增加私鑰
ALTER CERTIFICATE cert_Demo
WITH PRIVATE KEY
(FILE = 'H:\SqlBackup\certDemoPK.BAK',
DECRYPTION BY PASSWORD = '1234GH!!!' ,--解密私鑰密碼
ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'asdfG!!!')--加密私鑰密碼
--修改既有私鑰的密碼
ALTER CERTIFICATE cert_Demo
WITH PRIVATE KEY (DECRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'asdfG!!!',
ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'mynewpassword!!!13E')
示例五、使用證書加密和解密。
使用函數EncryptByCert加密數據。(http://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms174361.aspx)
代碼如下:
--從證書中刪除私鑰
ALTER CERTIFICATE cert_Demo
REMOVE PRIVATE KEY
--從備份文件為既有證書重新增加私鑰
ALTER CERTIFICATE cert_Demo
WITH PRIVATE KEY
(FILE = 'H:\SqlBackup\certDemoPK.BAK',
DECRYPTION BY PASSWORD = '1234GH!!!' ,--解密私鑰密碼
ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'asdfG!!!')--加密私鑰密碼
--修改既有私鑰的密碼
ALTER CERTIFICATE cert_Demo
WITH PRIVATE KEY (DECRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'asdfG!!!',
ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'mynewpassword!!!13E')
下面是一個例子:
代碼如下:
USE DB_Encrypt_Demo
GO
--插入測試數據
INSERT dbo.PWDQuestion
(CustomerID, PasswordHintQuestion, PasswordHintAnswer)
VALUES
(10, '您出生的醫院名稱?',
EncryptByCert(Cert_ID('cert_Demo'), '北京四合院家中'))
--查看明文
SELECT CAST(PasswordHintAnswer as varchar(200)) PasswordHintAnswer
FROM dbo.PWDQuestion
WHERE CustomerID = 10
代碼如下:
--查看原文 [email protected]
SELECT PasswordHintQuestion,
CAST(DecryptByCert(Cert_ID('cert_Demo'),PasswordHintAnswer,
N'mynewpassword!!!13E')
as varchar(200)) PasswordHintAnswer
FROM dbo.PWDQuestion WHERE CustomerID = 10
示例六、使用對稱密鑰對數據進行加密和解密。
在前面的文章中,你已經看到打開用非對稱密鑰加密的對稱密鑰的演示,它分兩個步驟,首先用OPEN SYMMETRIC KEY命令,然後是實際的DecryptByKey函數調用。SQL Server也提供了能夠將這兩個步驟合二為一的額外的解密函數:DecryptByKeyAutoAsymKey(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms365420.aspx)和DecryptByKeyAutoCert(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms182559.aspx)
代碼如下:
USE DB_Encrypt_Demo
GO
--本例使用數據庫主密碼加密,因而不需要密碼。[email protected]
----Create master Key Encryption By password='123ASD!'
----go
--創建非對稱密鑰 [email protected]
CREATE ASYMMETRIC KEY asymDemo_V2
WITH ALGORITHM = RSA_512
--創建對稱密鑰 [email protected]
CREATE SYMMETRIC KEY sym_Demo_V2
WITH ALGORITHM = TRIPLE_DES
ENCRYPTION BY ASYMMETRIC KEY asymDemo_V2
--打開對稱密鑰,插入記錄
OPEN SYMMETRIC KEY sym_Demo_V2
DECRYPTION BY ASYMMETRIC KEY asymDemo_V2
INSERT dbo.PWDQuestion
(CustomerID, PasswordHintQuestion, PasswordHintAnswer)
VALUES
(22, '您出生的醫院名稱?',
EncryptByKey(Key_GUID('sym_Demo_V2'), '邵逸夫醫院'))
CLOSE SYMMETRIC KEY sym_Demo_V2
此時,使用DecryptByKeyAutoAsymKey解密數據,只需要一個操作
代碼如下:
SELECT CAST(DecryptByKeyAutoAsymKey(ASYMKEY_ID('asymDemo_V2'),NULL,
PasswordHintAnswer) as varchar)
FROM dbo.PWDQuestion
WHERE CustomerID = 22
小結:
1、本文主要介紹證書的創建、刪除、查看以及用它來修改加密方式、進行數據的加密和解密。
2、證書加密和非對稱密鑰加密相對對稱密鑰加密更為消耗資源。
下文將主要介紹SQL Server中最為令人鼓舞的透明數據加密(TDE)